International journal of clinical practice
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Int. J. Clin. Pract. · Aug 2007
ReviewRole of primary care in early diagnosis and effective management of COPD.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common multi-component disease that imposes an enormous burden on the patient, the healthcare professional and the society in terms of morbidity, mortality, healthcare resource utilisation and cost. Despite the availability of several comprehensive treatment guidelines, COPD is both under-diagnosed and misdiagnosed. Some of the factors contributing to this are a poor knowledge and low adherence to guideline recommendations, on the part of some healthcare professionals, and a lack of understanding of the significance and severity of the disease, on the part of patients. However, evidence suggests that COPD is both preventable and treatable when it is diagnosed early and treated effectively. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines suggest that the key to early diagnosis is the recognition of the clinical features of persistent cough, chronic sputum production, breathlessness on exertion and a history of exposure to tobacco smoke. Primary care clinicians can play a crucial role in early diagnosis of at-risk subjects. They can educate patients to recognise the early symptoms of COPD, avoid the risk factors, such as smoking, and encourage early presentation to a primary care professional. Similarly, evidence suggests that effective implementation of non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions can improve the management of COPD patients at the primary care level. ⋯ The aim of this review is to discuss the role of the primary care team in the early diagnosis and effective management of COPD, and to outline education initiatives and management strategies that can be implemented in primary care.
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Int. J. Clin. Pract. · Jul 2007
ReviewThe change in zoster-associated pain treated with oral valaciclovir in immunocompetent patients with acute herpes zoster.
We have analysed zoster-associated pain treated with valaciclovir (VCV) in immunocompetent patients with acute herpes zoster over 6 months, and evaluated the safety of VCV. We know of no reports that evaluate postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) treated with VCV for 6 months. ⋯ Timing of the administration of VCV before or after the onset of rash did not influence the incidence of PHN. No serious adverse reactions were observed during the administration of VCV.
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Int. J. Clin. Pract. · Jul 2007
Review Multicenter StudyOpioid-induced bowel dysfunction: prevalence, pathophysiology and burden.
As a result of the undesired action of opioids on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, patients receiving opioid medication for chronic pain often experience opioid-induced bowel dysfunction (OBD), the most common and debilitating symptom of which is constipation. Based on clinical experience and a comprehensive MEDLINE literature review, this paper provides the primary care physician with an overview of the prevalence, pathophysiology and burden of OBD. Patients with OBD suffer from a wide range of symptoms including constipation, decreased gastric emptying, abdominal cramping, spasm, bloating, delayed GI transit and the formation of hard dry stools. ⋯ Physicians should have greater appreciation of the prevalence, symptoms and burden of OBD. In light of the serious negative impact OBD can have on QoL, physicians should encourage dialogue with patients to facilitate optimal symptomatic management of the condition. There is a pressing need for new therapies that act upon the underlying mechanisms of OBD.
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Int. J. Clin. Pract. · Jul 2007
ReviewEminence-based guidelines: a quality assessment of the second Joint British Societies' guidelines on the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
The quality and independence of clinical practice guidelines developed by professional societies has previously been assessed as unsatisfactory. Calls for explicit methodological standards have lead to international consensus on standards for guideline development. The methodological quality of current British cardiovascular guidelines produced by six professional societies is assessed with reference to internationally recognised criteria (Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation) for evaluating the quality of clinical guidelines. When evaluated with reference to a recognised quality framework for guideline development, current Joint British Societies guidelines for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease contain serious deficiencies, are of low quality and should not be recommended for clinical practice.
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Int. J. Clin. Pract. · Jun 2007
ReviewThe Diskus: a review of its position among dry powder inhaler devices.
The use of dry powder inhalers (DPIs) to administer treatments for respiratory diseases has increased significantly in recent years. There is now a wide range of DPIs available that vary considerably in design, required operational techniques, output characteristics and drug delivery across a range of inhalation patterns. Different patient populations may find individual types of DPI easier to use correctly than others and selecting the right DPI for particular patient requirements will improve compliance with therapy. ⋯ This review explores the characteristics of currently available DPIs and evaluates their efficacy and patient acceptability. The differences in output characteristics, ease of use and patient preferences between available devices is shown to affect treatment efficacy and patient compliance with therapy. Changing the DPI prescribed to a patient to a cheaper or generic device may therefore adversely affect disease control and thereby increase the cost of treatment.