Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society
-
Objective. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of modern spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for the treatment of failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS). Materials and Methods. ⋯ Conclusions. SCS is an effective treatment for chronic low back and lower extremity pain which is refractory to conservative therapy and which is not amenable to corrective anatomic surgery. Though our patient population is small, our results imply that the laminectomy-style electrodes in the thoracic region achieve better long-term effectiveness than percutaneous leads.
-
Objective. To investigate whether a simple static stiffness model adequately relates the angles and net joint torques (NJT) developed in the ankles (sagittal plane) and in the hips (frontal plane) following perturbations delivered in multiple directions to partially constrained subjects standing quietly. Materials and Methods. ⋯ Conclusions. The relationship between the ankle angles and NJT and hip angles and NJT following perturbed stance can be described as static stiffness. The implications for arm-free paraplegic standing are discussed and a new control scheme is proposed.