Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society
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The analgesic effect of electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation has been proved. However, its mechanism of action is not clear. It has been well-known that cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8) is a neuropeptide which is mainly related to the mediation of pain. The caudate nucleus was selected to determine if the release of CCK and the neural activity in this nucleus were involved in producing EA analgesia. ⋯ Our results suggest that CCK-8 antagonize EA analgesia through its B receptor.
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Atypical facial pain (ATFP) is challenging to manage and there are few proven therapies available. We present a case report describing application of peripheral subcutaneous field stimulation (PSFS) to a patient with chronic intractable ATFP which conventional treatment failed to ameliorate. ⋯ Peripheral subcutaneous field stimulation offers an alternative treatment option to select patients with intractable ATFP.
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The objective of this study is to investigate the association between intrathecal drug, flow rate, drug concentration, and drug dose with the formation of intrathecal inflammatory masses. ⋯ This is the first detailed study showing an association of diamorphine with granulomas. This study supports the previous finding of intrathecal opioid dose being a risk factor for intrathecal granulomas and clonidine being protective. In addition we have found that the yearly increase in opioid dose is a risk factor for granulomas and could serve as an indicator for closer surveillance.
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Spinal cord stimulation with percutaneous leads after loss of coverage with implanted surgical lead.
This case report presents an application of percutaneous spinal cord stimulation to a patient with complex regional pain syndrome type 1 involving the bilateral lower extremities with loss of coverage with surgical lead. ⋯ Percutaneous spinal cord stimulation offers an alternative treatment option for the patient with loss of coverage with surgical lead.
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The aim of this study was to investigate and compare effective parameters for gastric electrical stimulation (GES) to modulate gastric muscle functions in different species. ⋯ There is no significant difference in stimulation parameters when GES is applied to alter gastric slow waves in different animal models. Furthermore, the effective parameters for GES to alter slow waves are similar between the humans and various animal models. These findings suggest that stimulation parameters obtained from animal studies are applicable in humans.