Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
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China produces and consumes more tobacco than any other country in the world and as such is at the forefront of the world tobacco epidemic. Many studies have recently emerged that directly or indirectly reference the acts of giving and sharing cigarettes as a major contributor to China's high tobacco usage. The goal of this report is to review relevant literature relating to sharing and gifting cigarettes as well as provide useful historic and cultural contexts. Important differences between the act of giving individual cigarettes and the gifting of packaged cigarettes are explored as well as explanations for how both these practices have influenced current tobacco control efforts. ⋯ Traditional tobacco control efforts should be combined with culture-specific approaches to reduce tobacco usage in China. The regular exchange of cigarettes normalizes smoking across society and promotes tobacco's acceptability. Great efforts should be taken not only to minimize these practices among males but also to discourage their adoption by females.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Enhanced didactic methods of smoking cessation training for medical students--a randomized study.
It is essential that medical students are adequately trained in smoking cessation. A web-based tobacco abstinence training program might supplement or replace traditional didactic methods. ⋯ Role playing and interaction with real patients are equally efficient and both more powerful learning tools than web-based learning with or without a lecture.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Reducing smoking in adolescents: cost-effectiveness results from the cluster randomized ASSIST (A Stop Smoking In Schools Trial).
School-based smoking prevention programmes can be effective, but evidence on cost-effectiveness is lacking. We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis of a school-based "peer-led" intervention. ⋯ A peer-led intervention reduced smoking among adolescents at a modest cost. The intervention is cost-effective under realistic assumptions regarding the extent to which reductions in adolescent smoking lead to lower smoking prevalence and/or earlier smoking cessation in adulthood. The annual cost of extending the intervention to Year 8 students in all U.K. schools would be in the region of £38 million and could result in 20,400 fewer adolescent smokers.
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Oxidative stress is induced by both cigarette smoking and acute exercise. It has also been reported that exercise can induce plasma oxidative stress in young cigarette smokers. However, no previous report has demonstrated that exercise induces pulmonary oxidative stress in cigarette smokers. The aim of this study was to determine whether pulmonary oxidative stress is induced by maximal exercise in cigarette smokers as measured by reactive oxygen species generation and total antioxidant content. ⋯ These findings indicate that in cigarette smokers, maximal exercise induces pulmonary oxidative stress, which may lead to oxidative damage in the lungs.
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This paper is part of a collection that identifies research priorities that will help guide the efforts of the U. S. ⋯ This paper covers 5 areas related to (a) marketing regulations (e.g., ban on color and imagery in ads, ban on nontobacco gifts with purchase); (b) granting FDA authority over the sale, distribution, accessibility, advertising, and promotion of tobacco and lifting state preemption over advertising; (c) remote tobacco sales (mail order and Internet); (d) prevention of illicit and cross-border trade; and (e) noncompliant export products. Each of the 5 sections of this paper provides a description and brief history of regulation, what is known about this regulatory strategy, and research opportunities.