J Emerg Med
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Case Reports
The Trouble with Swallowing: Dysphagia as the Presenting Symptom in Lateral Medullary Syndrome.
Posterior circulation strokes account for approximately one-fourth of all ischemic strokes, but are frequently misdiagnosed by emergency providers. Current standard stroke screening tools such as the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale are weighted toward anterior circulation stroke diagnosis. Lateral medullary syndrome, a type of posterior circulation stroke, can be particularly challenging to diagnose due to nonspecific presenting symptoms, such as dysphagia. ⋯ This report describes a 65-year-old man who presented with dysphagia, dizziness, and hoarseness. An initial neurological examination did not reveal any gross deficits, and imaging to evaluate for posterior circulation stroke was not obtained. The patient presented the following day with worsening symptoms, prompting imaging that revealed a large cerebellar ischemic infarction. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Although dysphagia frequently occurs in lateral medullary syndrome, it is rarely the presenting symptom in the emergency department. In patients with cerebrovascular risk factors who present with dysphagia, a complete neurological examination should be performed and noncontrast computed tomography (CT) of the head should be obtained if a neurological deficit is appreciated. Due to their poor sensitivity, CT scans can frequently miss posterior circulation strokes, therefore magnetic resonance imaging should be considered if provider suspicion remains high. Emergency providers are encouraged to have a high level of suspicion for this rare but debilitating stroke syndrome to avoid misdiagnosis and delayed care.
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Although surface sonography has become an essential diagnostic tool in the evaluation of trauma patients, important limitations of this modality include the evaluation of retroperitoneal hemorrhage and mediastinal pathology, such as blunt traumatic aortic injuries (BTAI). As in other emergency applications where surface sonography can't provide the information needed, focused transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) may represent a valuable diagnostic tool in the evaluation of hemodynamically unstable trauma patients with suspected thoracic pathology such as BTAI. ⋯ We present a series of five cases that illustrate the diagnostic value of emergency physician-performed resuscitative TEE in the diagnosis of BTAI in patients presenting with blunt thoracic trauma. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: As the use of point-of-care TEE during resuscitation continues to expand in emergency medicine, the evaluation of patients with BTAI represents a novel application where this emerging modality can allow early diagnosis of these injuries in hemodynamically unstable patients.
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Adult septic arthritis can be challenging to differentiate from other causes of acute joint pain. The diagnostic accuracy of synovial lactate and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) remains uncertain. ⋯ Septic arthritis prevalence in ED adults is lower than reported previously. History and physical examination, synovial lactate, and PCR are inadequate for the diagnosis of septic arthritis. Synovial white blood cell count and Gram stain are the most accurate tests available for septic arthritis.
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Human rabies can be prevented through postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). Although the case fatality rate is high, there are only one to three human cases per year in the United States. Despite the low incidence, the cost of rabies diagnostics, prevention, and control is significant. Recommendations exist regarding which patients should receive PEP, though several studies demonstrate a high frequency of unnecessary prescribing of PEP. ⋯ A pharmacist-driven protocol can beneficially influence prescribing habits after potential rabies exposure and is associated with cost savings.
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Brugada syndrome is an increasingly recognized syndrome characterized by a particular electrocardiography (ECG) pattern and clinical criteria and has a high incidence of sudden death in patients with structurally normal hearts. The Brugada ECG pattern can be unmasked by drugs, ischemia, and fever. ⋯ We present the case of a 47-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with flu-like symptoms and syncope. On arrival, he was febrile and his ECG showed a Brugada pattern. Although this pattern resolved once his fever resolved, the cardiologists were concerned that his syncopal episode might have been due to ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation, and the patient was admitted for implantable cardiac defibrillator placement. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Fever and other stressors can unmask a Brugada pattern on ECG, and if patients have concerning clinical criteria, they should receive emergent cardiology follow-up.