J Trauma
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Timing of fluid resuscitation with respect to intrinsic hemostasis is an unexplored aspect of uncontrolled hemorrhage, because most animal models do not allow direct monitoring of blood loss. The aim of this study was to define how timing of crystalloid administration affects the bleeding patient's hemodynamic response to fluids, using a computer model of blood volume changes during uncontrolled hemorrhage. ⋯ The timing of crystalloid administration with respect to intrinsic hemostasis shapes the bleeding patient's hemodynamic response. An early bolus delays hemostasis and increases blood loss, while a late bolus may trigger rebleeding. These observations provide valuable insight into the hemodynamic response to fluid resuscitation.
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The coagulopathy of trauma is a syndrome of non-surgical bleeding from mucosal lesions, serosal surfaces, and wound and vascular access sites associated with serious injury, hypothermia, acidosis, hemodilution, and occasionally with classic disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It can be largely explained by the effects of cold on platelet function, the effect of pH on coagulation factor activity, and the dilutional effects of resuscitation fluids and conventional blood products. DIC occurs acutely after trauma when brain, fat, amniotic fluid, or other strong thromboplastins enter the circulation. ⋯ The coagulopathy of trauma should be anticipated in massive transfusion situations. Early treatment with plasma can delay its onset. The underlying mechanisms should be confirmed with laboratory testing.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Continuous compartment pressure monitoring for tibia fractures: does it influence outcome?
Compartment syndrome is common in acute fractures of the tibia. Early diagnosis is important, as delayed treatment leads to significant complications. Continuous compartment pressure monitoring has been recommended to prevent late diagnosis of compartment syndrome associated with tibia fractures. In this study, we aim to examine the effect of continuous compartment pressure monitoring on outcome in acute tibia fractures. ⋯ Continuous compartment pressure monitoring is not indicated in alert patients who are adequately observed.
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Massive transfusion, the administration of 10 to more than 100 units of red blood cells (RBC) in less than 24 hours, can be a life saving therapy in the treatment of severe injury. The rapid administration of large numbers of RBC, along with sufficient plasma and platelets to treat or prevent coagulopathy, is frequently a disorderly process. Patient care and collaborative research might be aided with a common protocol. ⋯ The evidence would suggest that prevention of coagulopathy is superior to its treatment. Simple ratios such as 1:1:1 RBC:plasma:platelets have the benefit of ease of use and the relatively higher plasma and platelet doses appear to be associated with improved outcome. Such a standard protocol can foster multicenter research on resuscitation and hemorrhage control. The fixed volume ratios might allow the number and rate of administered units of RBC to be used as surrogates for blood loss and primary treatment effect.