Brain Stimul
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Randomized Controlled Trial
1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases cerebral vasomotor reactivity: a possible autonomic nervous system modulation.
Neuromodulation techniques, i.e. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), can modify cerebral hemodynamics. High frequency rTMS appeared to decrease cerebral vasomotor reactivity (VMR), while there is still poor evidence about the effect of low frequency (LF) rTMS on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and VMR. ⋯ 1-Hz rTMS may induce a bilateral long-lasting increase of VMR, while its effect on MFV is short-lasting. Moreover, HRV changes induced by rTMS suggest a possible autonomic nervous system modulation.
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Deep brain stimulation is the surgical procedure of choice in patients with Parkinson's disease. The subthalamic nucleus and the globus pallidus interna are the two most common targets used to treat Parkinson's disease. ⋯ After 24 months of follow up, our observations suggest that globus pallidus deep brain stimulation, can improve motor fluctuations, dyskinesia and axial symptoms.
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TMS has high potential as smoking cessation treatment. However, the neural mechanisms underlying TMS induced reduction of tobacco craving remain unclear. Electroencephalographic (EEG) delta frequency has been associated with the activity of the dopaminergic brain reward system, which is crucial for nicotine induced effects, and decreases after nicotine admission in smokers. ⋯ Hf rTMS applied to the left DLPFC reduces nicotine craving in short-term abstinent smokers. Changes in delta activity support the idea that stimulation induced effects are mediated by the dopaminergic brain reward system, which presumably plays a prominent, but probably not exclusive, role in this stimulation induced behavioral modulation, making this method a promising smoking cessation treatment candidate.