The Medical journal of Australia
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To analyse results of a screening program for colorectal cancer using flexible sigmoidoscopy. ⋯ Flexible sigmoidoscopy screening is an acceptable strategy in asymptomatic, average-risk people which detects colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps. Screening has been associated with a trend to earlier presentation of cancer in our institution.
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Most randomised placebo-controlled trials show no benefit of phytoestrogens in managing menopausal vasomotor symptoms. Concentrated phytoestrogen supplements appear to have oestrogenic actions in the breast and may interfere with the therapeutic use of tamoxifen. Unlike concentrated supplements, foods rich in phytoestrogens, such as vegetables, grains and legumes, are also excellent sources of fibre, unsaturated protein, vitamins and minerals and their consumption should be encouraged.
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Many Australian women over 40 years consume insufficient zinc, calcium and fibre. Greater consumption of foods rich in vitamins A, C and E and fibre is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer. Concentrated supplements of A, C and E have no effect on breast cancer risk when dietary intake is adequate, but vitamin A supplementation in women whose dietary intake of vitamin A is inadequate appears to reduce the risk of breast cancer. Alcohol consumption by women has been associated with a linear increase in breast cancer risk.
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Zinc plays a central role in metabolism, including the assimilation of metabolic fuel and maintenance of immune function. Zinc intake in Australian women is low. Women should increase their intake of zinc through food sources. Zinc supplementation greater than 25 mg/day should be avoided.
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Weight gain in midlife is common among women. Weight gain is associated with age, not menopause. Decreasing physical activity and smoking cessation are major factors in weight gain with age.