Clin Med
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Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains a global healthcare challenge, complicated by the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, accounting for approximately 600,000 deaths per year. Hepatitis B is a DNA virus, which utilises a covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA to act as a transcriptional template for the virus. ⋯ Current antiviral therapies are limited in their ability to achieve HBsAg loss, which is considered the 'gold-standard' treatment endpoint. This article focuses on the unmet needs in CHB today; a better definition of disease phase, the timing of therapeutic intervention, optimising treatment strategies with current therapies and the development of novel agents; all with HBsAg loss as the therapeutic goal.
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IgG4-related disease is a recently recognised multi-system disease. Common organ involvement includes the pancreas, biliary tree and salivary glands. ⋯ In a single-centre cohort of 84 patients, we report cerebral involvement in three (4%) patients. Details of cerebral involvement in these patients are outlined, including pituitary involvement in two patients and a diffuse autoimmune-like encephalopathy in the other.
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Until recently in the UK the treatment of HCV depended on combination regimes of interferon (IFN) and the antiviral drug ribavirin. These regimes required regular injections and were of variable duration (generally for a minimum of 12 weeks), and the use of IFN often caused unacceptable side effects (thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and depression). Of the common HCV genotypes in the UK, genotype 1 responded relatively poorly to these regimes (50-60% viral clearance), while most (80% plus) of genotype 3 patients responded with sustained viral clearance. ⋯ The recent introduction of a series of direct anti-viral agents (DAAs) offers the potential to revolutionise treatment, particularly in genotype 1 patients and those with advanced liver disease, as drug regimens avoiding IFN have been developed, and can be curative in, for example, 95% of genotype 1 patients. The DAAs are currently being evaluated and introduced into UK clinical practice. Choice of drug regime, and strategies for identifying patient groups suitable for treatment, are discussed, as are the prospects for eventual complete control of the HCV epidemic.