Cochrane Db Syst Rev
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Oligo-astheno-teratospermia (sperm of low concentration, reduced motility and increased abnormal morphology) of unknown cause is common and the need for treatment is felt by patients and doctors alike. As a result, a variety of empirical, non-specific treatments have been used in an attempt to improve semen characteristics and fertility. One suggested treatment for idiopathic oligo- and/or asthenospermia is the administration of kallikrein (kallidinogenase), a kinin-releasing enzyme (or kininogenase). The kinin biological system is complex and involves kininogen (the substrate), kininogenases (the activating enzymes), kinins (the effectors) and kininases (the inactivating enzymes). All four components of the kinin system have been found in the genitalia and in semen. Kallikrein releases 2 major kinins, kallidin and bradykinin, from seminal plasma kininogens. Activated kinins in semen affect sperm motility and metabolism. In vitro addition of kallikrein to semen has been shown to have a positive effect on sperm motility, sperm velocity, cervical mucus penetration, penetration of zona-free hamster eggs and post-thaw survival and motility rate after semen cryopreservation. The latter observation, however, was not confirmed in a more recent comparison of motility stimulants for cryopreserved semen using computerised sperm motion analysis. In vitro treatment of semen with kallikrein has been employed in a clinical context during sperm preparation prior to insemination. Although the kinin system may also be involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis in vivo, a clear mechanism of action is missing. Multiple suggestions on how an increase in kinin levels in the genital tract influences spermatogenesis at the testicular levels have been made by various authors. ⋯ Methodological characteristics of trials Baseline characteristics of the studied groups Outcomes: Pregnancy rates, semen parameters (sperm concentration, motility and morphology), endocrinology (serum FSH, testosterone and oestradiol)
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Traveller's diarrhoea is a syndrome frequently encountered in persons crossing an international boundary. Diarrhoea can lead to significant discomfort and interference with travel plans. Bacterial pathogens are a frequent cause of this syndrome. Several antibiotics have been tested for efficacy in reducing the duration and severity of the illness. ⋯ Antibiotic treatment is associated with shorter duration of diarrhoea but higher incidence of side-effects. Trials generally do not report duration of post-treatment diarrhoea using time-to-event analyses, and should do.
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Circulating progesterone may be the cause of slower gastrointestinal movement in mid and late pregnancy. ⋯ Dietary supplements of fibre in the form of bran or wheat fibre are likely to help women experiencing constipation in pregnancy.
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Cochrane Db Syst Rev · Jan 2000
ReviewAldose reductase inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
To assess the efficacy of aldose reductase inhibitors in the prevention, reversal or delay in the progression of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. ⋯ Although aldose reductase inhibitor treatment has been demonstrated to diminsh the reduction in motor nerve conduction velocity, the clinical relevance of such a change in this outcome measure is uncertain. There was no effect in terms of this outcome measure in the smaller sensory fibres, degeneration of which is primarily responsible for the most common neuropathic syndrome associated with diabetes, that of severe pain and loss of sensation in the extremity leading in some cases to ulceration and eventual amputation.
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Cochrane Db Syst Rev · Jan 2000
ReviewFollicle-stimulating hormone and human menopausal gonadotropin for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproduction cycles.
To conduct a systematic overview of available data comparing FSH and hMG in IVF treatment cycles. ⋯ This meta-analysis demonstrates that in IVF cycles the use of FSH is associated with a significantly higher clinical pregnancy rate than hMG.