Cochrane Db Syst Rev
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Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are handheld electronic vaping devices that produce an aerosol by heating an e-liquid. People who smoke, healthcare providers, and regulators want to know if ECs can help people quit smoking, and if they are safe to use for this purpose. This is a review update conducted as part of a living systematic review. ⋯ There is high-certainty evidence that ECs with nicotine increase quit rates compared to NRT and moderate-certainty evidence that they increase quit rates compared to ECs without nicotine. Evidence comparing nicotine EC with usual care or no treatment also suggests benefit, but is less certain due to risk of bias inherent in the study design. Confidence intervals were, for the most part, wide for data on AEs, SAEs, and other safety markers, with no evidence for a difference in AEs between nicotine and non-nicotine ECs nor between nicotine ECs and NRT, but low-certainty evidence for increased AEs compared with behavioural support/no support. Overall incidence of SAEs was low across all study arms. We did not detect evidence of serious harm from nicotine EC, but longer, larger studies are needed to fully evaluate EC safety. Our included studies tested regulated nicotine-containing EC; illicit products and/or products containing other active substances (e.g. tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)) may have different harm profiles. The main limitation of the evidence base remains imprecision due to the small number of RCTs, often with low event rates. Further RCTs are underway. To ensure the review continues to provide up-to-date information to decision-makers, this is a living systematic review. We run searches monthly, with the review updated when relevant new evidence becomes available. Please refer to the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for the review's current status.
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Cochrane Db Syst Rev · Jan 2025
Review Meta AnalysisInterventions to reduce non-prescription antimicrobial sales in community pharmacies.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health concern. One of the most important causes of AMR is the excessive and inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs in healthcare and community settings. Most countries have policies that require antimicrobial drugs to be obtained from a pharmacy by prescription. The term 'non-prescription antimicrobial sale' refers to the dispensing and selling of antimicrobial drugs without a prescription in countries where the pharmaceutical policy does not permit the sale of antimicrobial drugs without a prescription. Pharmacies, drugstores, and other medicine outlets are major sources of non-prescription antimicrobial sales in the community setting. ⋯ No firm conclusions can be drawn about the effects of single-component interventions due to limited evidence. Multicomponent interventions may not reduce the sales of non-prescription antimicrobial drugs in community pharmacies, drugstores, and other medicine outlets; however, the evidence is of very low certainty. Further studies on this topic are needed, particularly to assess the effects of important single interventions such as improving pharmaceutical policies.
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Cochrane Db Syst Rev · Jan 2025
Review Meta AnalysisInterventions to reduce non-prescription antimicrobial sales in community pharmacies.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health concern. One of the most important causes of AMR is the excessive and inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs in healthcare and community settings. Most countries have policies that require antimicrobial drugs to be obtained from a pharmacy by prescription. The term 'non-prescription antimicrobial sale' refers to the dispensing and selling of antimicrobial drugs without a prescription in countries where the pharmaceutical policy does not permit the sale of antimicrobial drugs without a prescription. Pharmacies, drugstores, and other medicine outlets are major sources of non-prescription antimicrobial sales in the community setting. ⋯ No firm conclusions can be drawn about the effects of single-component interventions due to limited evidence. Multicomponent interventions may not reduce the sales of non-prescription antimicrobial drugs in community pharmacies, drugstores, and other medicine outlets; however, the evidence is of very low certainty. Further studies on this topic are needed, particularly to assess the effects of important single interventions such as improving pharmaceutical policies.
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Cochrane Db Syst Rev · Jan 2025
Review Meta AnalysisInterrupted versus uninterrupted anticoagulation for cardiac rhythm management device insertion.
Guideline-recommended strategies to interrupt chronic anticoagulation with warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) during the perioperative period of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) surgery differ worldwide. There is uncertainty concerning the benefits and harms of interrupted and uninterrupted anticoagulation in patients undergoing CIED surgery. ⋯ Interrupted anticoagulation in people undergoing elective CIED surgery had similar outcomes to uninterrupted anticoagulation with either warfarin or DOAC medications. Certainty of evidence was judged to be low to very low for most of the assessed outcomes. Further RCTs are particularly needed to help identify whether IAC significantly impacts the risks of thromboembolic events and device-pocket hematoma.
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Cochrane Db Syst Rev · Jan 2025
Review Meta AnalysisInterrupted versus uninterrupted anticoagulation for cardiac rhythm management device insertion.
Guideline-recommended strategies to interrupt chronic anticoagulation with warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) during the perioperative period of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) surgery differ worldwide. There is uncertainty concerning the benefits and harms of interrupted and uninterrupted anticoagulation in patients undergoing CIED surgery. ⋯ Interrupted anticoagulation in people undergoing elective CIED surgery had similar outcomes to uninterrupted anticoagulation with either warfarin or DOAC medications. Certainty of evidence was judged to be low to very low for most of the assessed outcomes. Further RCTs are particularly needed to help identify whether IAC significantly impacts the risks of thromboembolic events and device-pocket hematoma.