Int J Med Sci
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Review
Regulatory mechanisms and clinical applications of tumor-driven exosomal circRNAs in cancers.
Malignant tumors seriously affect people's survival and prognosis. Exosomes, as vesicle structures widely existing in human tissues and body fluids, are involved in cell-to-cell transmission. ⋯ Tumor-driven exosomal circRNAs are often involved in tumorigenesis and development including the proliferation, invasion, migration and chemo-or-radiotherapy sensitivity of tumor cell by multiple regulatory mechanisms. In this review, we will elaborate the roles and functions of tumor-driven exosomal circRNAs in cancers which may be used as potential cancer biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease globally, and it can proceed to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as cardiovascular disease, chronic renal disease, and other complications, resulting in a massive economic burden. At the moment, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is thought to be a possible treatment target for NAFLD, besides Cluster of differentiation 38(CD38) is the primary NAD+ degrading enzyme in mammals and may play a role in the pathophysiology of NAFLD. ⋯ CD38 inhibitors enhance glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in mice and lipid accumulation in the liver is greatly decreased in CD38-deficient mice. This review describes the role of CD38 in the development of NAFLD in terms of Macrophage-1, insulin resistance, and abnormal lipid accumulation in order to offer recommendations for future NAFLD pharmacological trials.
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The complexity of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) including many interacting biological processes makes it difficult to find therapeutic biomarkers for treatment. Previous studies demonstrated that PSMG (proteasome assembly chaperone) family members regulate the degradation of abnormal proteins. However, transcript expressions of this gene family in LUAD still need to be more fully investigated. ⋯ Meanwhile, it was also indicated that there were positive correlations between PSMG family genes and the immune response, metabolism of ubiquinone, cell cycle regulatory pathways, and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Wnt signaling. Experimental data also confirmed that the knockdown of PSMG4 in LUAD cell lines decreased cell proliferation and influenced expressions of downstream molecules. Collectively, this study revealed that PSMG family members are novel prognostic biomarkers for LUAD progression, which also provide new therapeutic targets of LUAD patients.
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Exosomes are vesicles with a size range of 50 to 200 nm and released by different cells, which are essential for the exchange of information between cells. They have attracted a lot of interest from medical researchers. Exosomal non-coding RNAs play an important part in pathological cardiac remodelings, such as cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and cardiac fibrosis. This review summarizes the origins and functions of exosomes, the role of exosomal non-coding RNAs in the process of pathological cardiac remodeling, as well as their theoretical basis for clinical application.
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Review
Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy for Controlling Onset and Progression of Myopia-a Review.
Repeated low-level red-light (RLRL), characterized by increased energy supply and cellular metabolism, thus enhancing metabolic repair processes, has gained persistent worldwide attention in recent years as a new novel scientific approach for therapeutic application in myopia. This therapeutic revolution led by RLRL therapy is due to significant advances in bioenergetics and photobiology, for instance, enormous progresses in photobiomodulation regulated by cytochrome c oxidase, the primary photoreceptor of the light in the red to near infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, as the primary mechanism of action in RLRL therapy. ⋯ Recent evidence has also suggested that RLRL may inhibit myopia progression by inhibiting spherical equivalent refraction (SER) progression and axial elongation without adverse effects. In this review, we provide scientific evidence for RLRL therapy as a unique paradigm to control myopia and support the theory that targeting neuronal energy metabolism may constitute a major target for the neurotherapeutics of myopia, with emphasis on its molecular, cellular, and nervous tissue levels, and the potential benefits of RLRL therapy for myopia.