Terapevt Arkh
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of diseases with high levels of comorbidity. Pathological changes of peripheral skeletal and respiratory muscles in COPD patients, which are often underestimated, occupy a special place.
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Emphysema is one of the main manifestations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and smoking is one of the most significant risk factors. The results of studies in humans and animals show the vascular endothelium initiates and modulates the main pathological processes in COPD and smoking is an important factor initiating, developing and persisting inflammation and remodeling of blood vessels and tissues, including the destruction of small respiratory tracts with the development of lung tissue destruction and emphysema. The latest studies describe mechanisms not just associated with the endothelium, but specific neuro-mediated mechanisms. ⋯ With prolonged and/or intensive stimulation of sensor fibers, excessive release of neuropeptides is accompanied by a number of plastic and destructive processes due to a cascade of pathological reactions of neurogenic inflammation, the main participants of which are classical neuropeptides and their receptors. The most important consequences can be the maintenance and stagnation of chronic inflammation, activation of the mechanisms of destruction and remodeling, inadequate repair processes in response to damage, resulting in irreversible loss of lung tissue. For future research, there is interest to evaluate the possibilities of therapeutic and prophylactic effects on neuro-mediated mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and damage emphysema in COPD and smoking development.
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Historical Article
[Anniversary of Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Alexander G. Chuchalin].
Alexander Grigorievich Chuchalin is a world-famous scientist, an outstanding representative of modern Russian medical science and practical health care, the founder of a whole area in Russian medicine - pulmonology. Thanks to his activities, his unique developments in Russia and abroad, millions of people with lung diseases have been saved. The whole domestic and world medical community congratulates Alexander Grigoryevich on his eightieth birthday!
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The Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights was adopted at the UNESCO General Conference on October 19, 2005. From today's perspective, it must be recognized that it was adopted at a historically important period in the development of civilization; It has always been seen as a document that significantly expanded the declaration on human rights, as it gave a new interpretation of human activity in modern society. ⋯ Under the influence of these processes, our ideas about moral values and ethical principles changed. An idea of bioethics has formed; The term implies versatile human activities, including not only the doctor-patient relationship, but also the active participation of a person in the field of industry, climate change, as well as new areas such as editing the human genome, transplantology and much more.
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The article presents modern data on the causes of platypnea, methods of its diagnosis and treatment. The data on the development of platypnea syndrome are given not only in cardiac pathology, but also in severe liver diseases with the development of hepatopulmonary syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of a severe course.