Anesthesia, essays and researches
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In spite of being the preferred induction agent for LMA insertion, propofol has many undesirable side effects including dose-related cardiorespiratory depression and local pain at injection site. Ketofol as a novel induction agent has been introduced recently with comparable efficacy and improved hemodynamic control. ⋯ ketofol is a safe and effective alternative induction agent for LMA insertion in children with rapid onset of action and lower incidence of injection pain. It provided better LMA insertion conditions, improved hemodynamic stability with less prolonged apnea when compared with propofol.
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Preoperative anxiety is synonymous with pediatric surgery. Anxiolysis is of crucial importance and poses a significant challenge to the pediatric anesthesiologist. Orally administered midazolam and ketamine can be used as anxiolytic premedication in children. ⋯ The study documents the rapid achievement of preoperative sedation and anxiolysis in children with orally administered midazolam or ketamine, with the latter producing a superior quality of anxiolysis. An interval of 20 minutes is sufficient between premedication and parental separation.
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It has been contended the general anesthetic agents also may affect the psycho-social behavior of the patients, especially during the emergence from GA. This assumes much significance in day cases where, patients have to be roadworthy and mentally stable before discharge. ⋯ Both the modalities of GA, viz; TIVA and VIMA, do produce significant psycho-behavioral changes in the patients after GA, though transiently. So it is imperative for the Clinicians to anticipate the entire aspect of Psycho-behavioral patterns before discharging the day cases from the Post anesthesia Care Unit (PACU).
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Ropivacaine, s-enantiomer of amide local anaesthetic produces differential neural blockade with less motor blockade, cardiovascular and neurological toxicity makes it suitable for day case surgery in children. ⋯ Ropivacaine with Fentanyl found to be better combination for pediatric surgeries for below umbilical surgeries as an adjuvant to general anaesthesia or sole technique with chances of less complication with high success rate.
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Neuraxial blockade such as spinal anaesthesia can cause severe hypotension due to pharmacological sympathectomy resulting in potential deleterious consequences for the patient. Prevention of this spinal anaesthesia induced hypotension is of utmost importance especially in pregnant population as the life of mother as well as fetus is at risk. Several techniques and methodologies have been adopted for the prevention of this neuraxial hypotension with varying degree of success. ⋯ Numerous research studies and available literary evidence suggests that both of these techniques can be equally effective in prevention of hypotension. The use of colloids has been observed to be more effective for pre-loading due to their longer half-life in the intravascular compartment. However, it has also been suggested that no technique is efficient in preventing the hypotension alone and has to be coupled with judicious use of vasopressors.