Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology
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In the past few years, pediatric anesthesia management changed rapidly to more evidence-based and patient-oriented practice. It has been emphasized that "focused and individualized" pre-anesthesia evaluation is preferred to routine screening of laboratory tests and X-rays. Anesthesia induction should be less stressful for children through the use of various approaches, such as preoperative preparation, sedative premedication, and parent-present induction. ⋯ Sevoflurane is known to be a major risk factor for stormy wake-up. Pediatric anesthesiologists should pursue high quality of anesthesia emergence. All anesthesia residency programs should include pediatric rotation; otherwise anesthesia residents will lose opportunities to learn basic concepts of pediatric anesthesia.
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It is said that airway management is an important part of lifesaving at the prehospital care for a seriously ill emergency patient. We performed the training of endotracheal intubation for an emergency medical technician, and in this report we discussed the results of trainings and examined 3 cases of endotracheal intubation in the emergency situation after training. ⋯ In addition, there may be no useful case for lifesaving at the emergency situation in 3 cases of endotracheal intubation. We consider that it may be difficult, but possibility cannot deny if endotracheal intubation by emergency medical technicians contribute to lifesaving rate improvement from viewpoint of prehospital care.
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Emergence agitation following general anesthesia in children is an evolving problem, since sevoflurane has become a popular anesthetic for pediatric anesthesia. Several studies comparing incidence of emergence agitation between halothane and sevoflurane showed that sevoflurane anesthesia would result in higher chance of emergence agitation. The reasons of higher incidence of emergence agitation following sevoflurane anesthesia remain unknown. ⋯ In the light of quality of emergence, propofol anesthesia seems to be favorable for sedation in imaging procedures. Emergence agitation should be treated appropriately, since it could injure the patient him/herself or caregiver. The calm wake-up from general anesthesia will greatly enhance the parental satisfaction to anesthesia and surgery.
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Two recently recognized issues are reviewed ; one is a hospital acquired hyponatremia in children treated with intravenous hypotonic maintenance fluids and the other is the pros and cons of glucose addition to these fluids. Children in the perioperative period are at risk for nonosmotic secretion of ADH and stress-induced insulin resistance, which necessitate reducing the volume of maintenance fluid to half the previously recommended volume, and the concentration of additive glucose to approximately 2%. While isotonic fluids are recommended intraoperatively, controversies still exist on the constitution of maintenance fluids in the postoperative period, where the choice of an isotonic solution should be more pertinent to that of a hypotonic solution, but evidence is weak ; further investigations are needed to make a decision.
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Regarding postoperative respiratory management in infants, their postoperative circulatory and respiratory conditions are quite different among medical centers. The lung functions of infants are still immature. ⋯ When we perform postoperative respiratory managements, we must discuss the ventilatory mode to use, permissible airway pressure, and values of blood gas analysis among postoperative care team. In infants with acute lung injury, we should select high frequency oscillation (HFO) according to lung protective ventilatory strategy theory (low tidal volume+open lung approach).