Journal of the Indian Medical Association
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study
A comparative study of oral tramadol and ibuprofen in postoperative pain in operations of lower abdomen.
The objective of this study was to assess efficacy and safety of oral tramadol in postoperative pain in operations of lower abdomen as compared to oral ibuprofen. Eighty patients undergoing operations in the lower abdomen under spinal anaesthesia were randomly assigned to two parallel groups--ibuprofen 400 mg thrice daily and tramadol 100 mg thrice daily, both orally after food. Treatment was given single-blind for 5 days in the postoperative period. ⋯ Both regimens were well tolerated. It can be thus concluded that oral tramadol is safe, effective and comparable to ibuprofen as analgesic for relieving pain in the postoperative period in patients undergoing operations in the lower abdomen. The need for rescue medication for breakthrough pain may be less with tramadol.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study
A comparative study of paediatric oral premedication: midazolam, ketamine and low dose combination of midazolam and ketamine.
In a prospective randomised double-blind trial, 90 patients aged 1-7 years (ASA I) undergoing elective surgery less than 90 minutes duration were allocated into three separate groups to compare the safety and effectiveness of oral midazolam, ketamine, and low dose combination of midazolam and ketamine for premedication in paediatric patients. Group M received midazolam 0.5 mg kg(-1), group K received ketamine 6mg kg(-1) and group C received combination of ketamine 2.5 mg kg(-1) and midazolam 0.25 mg kg(-1) orally in 0.2ml kg(-1) of sugar syrup to make it palatable. The sedation score and emotional state on a four -point scale, ease of parental separation, cooperation for venepuncture, ease of mask acceptance and peri-operative cardiorespiratory status were evaluated. ⋯ Side-effects and recovery time were more in ketamine group. The recovery time was significantly less in group C. In conclusion oral combination of low dose ketamine and midazolam produced quick onset of satisfactory conscious sedation and more rapid recovery without significant side-effects, so that more children could be separated easily from their parents and provides smooth induction than the individual drug.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study
Comparative clinical study of effect of neostigmine and ketamine for postoperative analgesia.
The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the role of neostigmine and ketamine as an additive to epidural bupivacaine to prolong the duration of postoperative analgesia. A double-blind randomised study was done on 60 adult patients, of both sexes, between 18 and 50 years, belonging to ASA grades I and II, undergoing below umbilical surgeries under epidural anaesthesia. All the patients were divided into three groups of 20 each to receive 20 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine with either 1 ml of normal saline, 100 mg of neostigmine or 50 mg of ketamine (both diluted with 1 ml normal saline). ⋯ Both neostigmine and ketamine demonstrated better haemodynamic stability with less incidence of hypotension. There was no increased incidence of nausea and vomiting or any other side-effects. In conclusion, it can be said neostigmine is a good adjuvant to epidural block to produce adequate pain relief without increased incidence of adverse effects.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Efficacy of prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine in prevention of hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a comparative study.
Hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia is a common complication. Several measures are used to reduce the incidence of hypotension but no method is fully effective. Prophylactic intramuscular ephedrine may be effective in reducing the incidence of hypotension in addition to conventional measures. ⋯ Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were significantly more in group E10 compared to group C. No significant increase in the incidence of hypertension and tachycardia in any group were observed. The findings of this study indicate that prophylactic IM ephedrine 0.5 mg/kg given 10 minutes before spinal anaesthesia gives better haemodynamic stability during intra-operative period without any significant increase in the incidence of adverse effects.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study
Comparison of palanosetron, granisetron and ondansetron as anti-emetics for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing middle ear surgery.
The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy of palanosetron (0.25 mg), granisetron (3.0 mg) and ondansetron (8.0 mg) used as anti-emetics for the prevention of postoperative nausea/vomiting in patients undergoing middle ear surgery. The study was done among 75 adult patients (age group 30-45 years) of which 50 were males and rest (25) females, all of ASA I and ASA II. The patients were randomly allocated into 3 equal groups: Group I (n = 25) received injection palanosetron (0.25 mg) IV, group II (n = 25) received injection granisetron (3 mg) IV and group III (n = 25) received injection ondansetron (8.0 mg) IV at the end of the surgical procedure. ⋯ The incidence of emesis-free patients during the 0-6 hours period was 100% for group I; 72% for group II and 56% for group III. During the 6-24 hours period incidence of emesis-free patients were 96% for group I; 56% for group II and 32% for group III. So to conclude, a single dose of palanosetron (0.25 mg) is a superior anti-emetic to granisetron (3.0 mg) or ondansetron (8.0 mg) in complete prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after middle ear surgery during the first 24 hours period.