Chest surgery clinics of North America
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Infants and children have unique anatomic, physiologic, pharmacologic, and psychological issues relating to perioperative management. Combining this knowledge with the technical skills required for instrumentation of children is essential when contemplating anesthesia for thoracic surgery. Experience and versatility with anesthetic induction technique, airway instrumentation, vascular access and monitoring, single-lung ventilation, regional anesthesia, and postoperative pain management allow for the comprehensive management of thoracic surgical patients at any age.
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Airway management for thoracic surgery frequently requires isolation of a portion of the respiratory system. In some circumstances lung isolation is mandatory and in others elective. Several techniques utilizing specialized endotracheal tubes and blockers are currently available. There are specific advantages and complications associated with each that, in part, determine optimal outcome in this specialized group of surgical patients.
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Postoperative pain management is essential and must be approached as an integral part of the perioperative care. It should be systematic and based on sound physiologic and pharmacologic principles. The intra-operative management of pain is crucial, as there is perhaps an important role for preemptive analgesia. ⋯ The cornerstone of therapy is opioids, which can be administered by a variety of routes. The use of TEA with opioids and local anesthetics is highly beneficial, especially in high-risk patients. The aim should be to provide all patients a balanced analgesic regimen based on the identification of multiple mechanisms involved in postoperative pain.
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This article discusses some of the routine as well as more specialized monitoring devices available. In thoracic surgery monitoring may be even more challenging because the surgery itself may involve manipulation of the airways, the pulmonary as well as cardiovascular systems. The anesthesiologist must have a full understanding of the required monitoring devices and decide which if any special techniques are needed depending on the surgical procedure and the patient's preoperative condition.
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Chest wall trauma and rib fractures are significant sources of morbidity and mortality in countries in which motor vehicle accidents are prevalent. Physicians who care for injured patients should realize that patients with thoracic trauma are at significant risk for mortality, deterioration, and associated injuries. Care must be taken to avoid underestimation of the effect of the injury on subsequent respiratory mechanics. Armed with an understanding of chest injury epidemiology, biomechanics, and pain control, physicians can better serve these high-risk patients.