PeerJ
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The variation between the actual and perceived lightness of a stimulus has strong dependency on its background, a phenomena commonly known as lightness induction in the literature of visual neuroscience and psychology. For instance, a gray patch may perceptually appear to be darker in a background while it looks brighter when the background is reversed. In the literature it is further reported that such variation can take place in two possible ways. ⋯ The model assumes that for the White's illusion, where the edges are strong and quite a few, i.e., the spectrum is rich in high frequency components, the inhibitory surround in the classical Difference-of-Gaussians (DoG) filter gets suppressed, and the filter essentially reduces to an adaptive scale Gaussian kernel that brings about lightness assimilation. The linear filter model with a Gaussian kernel is used to simulate the White's illusion phenomena with wide variation of spatial frequency of the background grating as well as the length of the gray patch. The appropriateness of the model is presented through simulation results, which are highly tuned to the present as well as earlier psychometric results.
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Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is often reported as a diffuse pain at the front of the knee during knee-loading activities. A patient's description of pain location and distribution is commonly drawn on paper by clinicians, which is difficult to quantify, report and compare within and between patients. One way of overcoming these potential limitations is to have the patient draw their pain regions using digital platforms, such as personal computer tablets. ⋯ Pain drawings as acquired using paper and computer tablet are equivalent in terms of total area of reported knee pain. The advantages of digital recording platforms, such as quantification and reporting of pain area, could be realized in both research and clinical settings.
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Undisputedly, traffic crashes constitute a public health concern whose impact and importance have been increasing during the past few decades. Specifically, road safety data have systematically shown how cyclists are highly vulnerable to suffering traffic crashes and severe injuries derived from them. Furthermore, although the empirical evidence is still very limited in this regard, in addition to other human factors involved in cycling crashes, distractions while cycling appear to be a major contributor to the road risk of cyclists. ⋯ The results of this study support the hypotheses that distractions have a major prevalence among bike users, and that they play a significant role in the prediction of the traffic crash rates of cyclists, through the mediation of risky behaviors.
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To assess and compare the predictive ability of three risk evaluation systems (SinoSCORE, EuroSCORE II and the STS risk evaluation system) in patients aged ≥70, and who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in East China. ⋯ The performance of the three risk evaluation systems was not ideal in the entire cohort. In the elderly group, SinoSCORE appeared to achieve better predictive efficiency than EuroSCORE II and the STS risk evaluation system.
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Postnatal bonding constitutes a major process during the postpartum period, and there is evidence that bonding difficulties have negative consequences for parents' mental health and the child's development. However, the conceptualization of postnatal bonding presents inconsistencies, as well as problems in having instruments that encompasses the father figure. The objective was to adapt the maternal postnatal attachment scale (MPAS) and the paternal postnatal attachment scale (PPAS) to Spanish, to evaluate its validity and reliability and to analyze the construct dimensionality of both questionnaires from a gender perspective. ⋯ A new version of the instrument was generated, with good psychometric properties, adequate for use both with mothers and with fathers. This scale helps evaluate postnatal maternal and paternal bonding, allowing to study it from within the family system, a necessary step forward to advance perinatal mental health.