Der Radiologe
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Interest in functional renal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has significantly increased in recent years. This review article provides an overview of the most important functional imaging techniques and their potential clinical applications for assessment of native and transplanted kidneys, with special emphasis on the clarification of renal tumors.
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Due to the increasing demands in radiology, applications that enable quality assurance and continuous process optimization are required. ⋯ NLP offers numerous application scenarios for decision support and for quality management in radiology.
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In the emergency department 65 % of spinal injuries and 2-5 % of blunt force injuries involve the cervical spine. Of these injuries approximately 50 % involve C5 and/or C6 and 30 % involve C2. Older patients tend to have higher spinal injuries and younger patients tend to have lower injuries. The anatomical and development-related characteristics of the pediatric spine as well as degenerative and comorbid pathological changes of the spine in the elderly can make the radiological evaluation of spinal injuries difficult with respect to possible trauma sequelae in young and old patients. ⋯ Imaging of cervical trauma should be performed when injuries cannot be clinically excluded according to evidence-based criteria. Degenerative changes and anatomical differences have to be taken into account in the evaluation of imaging of elderly and pediatric patients.
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Pancreatic cancer is notoriously one of the most aggressive cancers and still has a poor prognosis. Surgical resection is the only chance for a curative therapy approach, with which at least a 5‑year survival can be achieved for 25% of patients. Recent advances in surgical techniques have led to a change in the criteria for resectability. ⋯ Pancreatic resections can nowadays be more radically performed due to advances in surgical techniques. This has led to a change in the criteria for resectability, especially concerning venous tumor infiltration.
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The distal radioulnar joint, the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) and the wrist are stabilized by many ligaments allowing not only a wide range of motion but also providing sufficient stability. The complex arrangement of carpal ligaments and prosupination around the forearm joint enables multiaxial motion patterns. ⋯ Imaging is essential for classification of dynamic and static instability patterns. This review article illustrates the ligamentous anatomy of the wrist, the symptoms of carpal instability as well as the diagnostic capability of projection radiography, cinematography, computed tomography (CT) arthrography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MR arthrography.