Frontiers in neurology
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Many clinical applications based on deep learning and pertaining to radiology have been proposed and studied in radiology for classification, risk assessment, segmentation tasks, diagnosis, prognosis, and even prediction of therapy responses. There are many other innovative applications of AI in various technical aspects of medical imaging, particularly applied to the acquisition of images, ranging from removing image artifacts, normalizing/harmonizing images, improving image quality, lowering radiation and contrast dose, and shortening the duration of imaging studies. This article will address this topic and will seek to present an overview of deep learning applied to neuroimaging techniques.
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Frontiers in neurology · Jan 2019
Conveniently-Grasped Field Assessment Stroke Triage (CG-FAST): A Modified Scale to Detect Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke.
Background and Purpose: Patients with large vessel occlusion stroke (LVOS) need to be rapidly identified and transferred to comprehensive stroke centers (CSC). However, previous pre-hospital strategy remains challenging. We aimed to develop a modified scale to better predict LVOS. ⋯ The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of CG-FAST were 0.617, 0.810, 0.785, and 0.692 respectively, at the optimal cutoff (≥4). The AUC, Youden index and accuracy of the CG-FAST scale (0.758, 0.428, and 0.728) were all higher than other pre-hospital prediction scales. Conclusions: CG-FAST scale could be an effective and simple scale for accurate identification of LVOS among AIS patients.
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Frontiers in neurology · Jan 2019
Embodiment and Presence in Virtual Reality After Stroke. A Comparative Study With Healthy Subjects.
The ability of virtual reality (VR) to recreate controlled, immersive, and interactive environments that provide intensive and customized exercises has motivated its therapeutic use after stroke. Interaction and bodily presence in VR-based interventions is usually mediated through virtual selves, which synchronously represent body movements or responses to events on external input devices. Embodied self-representations in the virtual world not only provide an anchor for visuomotor tasks, but their morphologies can have behavioral implications. ⋯ All measures were consistently higher for healthy controls than for individuals with stroke, but differences between groups only reached statistical significance in presence under the first-person condition (p < 0.010, η p 2 = 0.084). In spite of these differences, the participants experienced a vivid sense of embodiment and presence in almost all conditions. These results provide first evidence that, although less intensively, embodiment and presence are similarly experienced by individuals who have suffered a stroke and by healthy individuals, which could support the vividness of their experience and, consequently, the effectiveness of VR-based interventions.
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Frontiers in neurology · Jan 2019
Trajectories of (Bio)markers During the Development of Cognitive Frailty in the Doetinchem Cohort Study.
Background: Long-term changes in (bio)markers for cognitive frailty are not well characterized. Therefore, our aim is to explore (bio)marker trajectories in adults who became cognitively frail compared to age- and sex-matched controls who did not become cognitively frail over a 15 year follow-up. We hypothesize that those who become cognitively frail have more unfavorable trajectories of (bio)markers compared to controls. ⋯ Results were similar after additional adjustment for potential confounders. Conclusions: Out of the 17 (bio)markers included in this explorative study, differential trajectories for three biomarkers were observed in women. We do not yet consider any of the studied (bio)markers as promising biomarkers for cognitive frailty.
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Frontiers in neurology · Jan 2019
Comprehensive Profile of Acute Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a Preclinical Model of Severe Penetrating TBI.
Mitochondria constitute a central role in brain energy metabolism, and play a pivotal role in the development of secondary pathophysiology and subsequent neuronal cell death following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Under normal circumstances, the brain consumes glucose as the preferred energy source for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production over ketones. To understand the comprehensive picture of substrate-specific mitochondrial bioenergetics responses following TBI, adult male rats were subjected to either 10% unilateral penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI) or sham craniectomy (n = 5 animals per group). ⋯ The NAD(t) and FAD(t) contents were significantly decreased in the PBBI group (27-35%; * p < 0.05 vs. sham). The decreased ATP synthesis rates may be due to the significant reductions in brain mitochondrial dehydrogenase activities and coenzyme contents observed acutely following PBBI. These results provide a basis for the use of "alternative biofuels" for achieving higher ATP production following severe penetrating brain trauma.