British journal of urology
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The urological irrigating fluid 1.5% glycine is routinely warmed in specifically designed warming drawers prior to use. This study shows that the use of microwave energy to achieve body temperature in 2-litre bags of glycine solution is biochemically safe and that the sterility of the solution is maintained. There is a linear relationship between the temperature of the solution and time in the microwave oven, so allowing a simple formula to predict the correct heating time given variable ambient starting temperatures.
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The effectiveness of different types of urinary catheters in completely draining the bladder has not been tested. Transvaginal ultrasound, which is able to measure bladder volumes in women from 2 to 175 ml, provides a means of measuring any fluid volume remaining in the bladder following catheter drainage. Using transvaginal ultrasound, the post-catheterisation bladder volumes were measured in 26 female patients; 14 underwent urethral catheterisation using either a 14F short plastic female catheter or a Foley catheter of the same size (balloon not inflated); 12 had an indwelling 12F suprapublic catheter following bladder neck surgery. ⋯ A 12F suprapubic catheter was found to drain the bladder relatively well. The mean post-catheterisation bladder volume was 35 ml. Prior to removing a suprapubic catheter post-operatively, it is recommended that the residual urine volume (measured using the suprapubic catheter) be checked by measuring the post-catheterisation bladder volume (using either a short plastic catheter or transvaginal ultrasound).
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Injury to the prepuce is uncommon. A total of 32 patients were treated within a 3-year period. ⋯ Coital and self-inflicted injuries accounted for 85% of adult cases. In patients with coital injuries, predisposing phimosis or a short frenulum was common.
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Three cases of cranial blind-ending branches of bifid ureters are presented, all occurring in women. None was associated with complications requiring surgery, suggesting that they were of little clinical significance in these patients. The anomaly was best shown with oblique views at intravenous urography.