Journal of spinal disorders
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It is important to know the condition of neural spaces during the nonoperative treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures. The goals of the current study were to identify the correlation between the degree of deformity of a fractured vertebra and the encroachment of neural spaces, and to determine how the encroachment and the deformity can be improved by the extension posture simulating the postural reduction. Experimental burst fractures were produced in L1 vertebrae of nine human thoracolumbar spine segments (T11-L3) with neural spaces lined with tiny steel balls. ⋯ Among the vertebral body parameters, the posterior vertebral height, posterior vertebral body angle, and cross diagonal angle showed significantly higher correlations with the canal encroachment. The extended posture did not improve the canal and intervertebral foramen encroachments. The kyphotic deformity (vertebral kyphotic angle and anterior vertebral height) was improved but the deformity of the vertebral posterior wall (posterior vertebral height and posterior vertebral body angle) was not improved because of the extended posture.
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Degenerative processes in the disc and facet joints affect the stability of the motion segment. The exact relations among disc degeneration, facet joint osteoarthritis, and the kinematics of the motion segment are not well defined in the literature. Magnetic resonance imaging and functional radiography of the lumbar spine were analyzed to examine the relations among segmental instability, facet joint osteoarthritis, and disc degeneration in patients with degenerative disorders of the lumbar spine. ⋯ Abnormal tilting movement on flexion and anteroposterior translatory instability both had negative associations with facet joint osteoarthritis. However, anterior translatory instability was positively associated with disc degeneration and facet joint osteoarthritis. Rotatory instability in the sagittal plane and posterior translatory instability were not associated with disc degeneration and facet joint osteoarthritis.
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The goal of this study was to evaluate single-level anterior cervical discectomy and stabilization for bilateral facet fracture dislocations using bone graft and anterior titanium plates with unicortical screw fixation in the clinical setting. We conducted a retrospective review during a consecutive 6-year period of patients treated in a single institution for traumatic single-level cervical bilateral facet fracture-dislocation. All fracture-dislocations that could be aligned with traction were subsequently stabilized using an anterior cervical discectomy with bone graft and titanium unicortical locking plates. ⋯ The average follow-up was 32 months, with a minimum follow-up of 1 year (range, 13 to 77 months). There was one instrumentation-related failure, but all 22 patients ultimately had evidence of stability at the instrumented level on the final follow-up examination. Anterior fixation with unicortical cervical locking plates as a single procedure offers an excellent surgical alternative in the management of many cervical bilateral facet fracture dislocations in patients who can be reduced preoperatively.
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A simple and inexpensive method was developed to obtain a coaxial view of the pedicles to assist with screw insertion. The authors evaluated the accuracy of this device to place transpedicular vertebral screws in a human adult cadaver model. A dual radiation targeting system, a laser targeting system for fluoroscopically guided procedures, was developed to provide an accurate surface entry point and angle of approach to radiographic landmarks. ⋯ Five other screws, four in the thoracic spine and one in the lumbar spine (error rate of 2.7%) were directed too far laterally and perforated the lateral vertebral body. This low rate of pedicle wall cortical perforation by inexperienced surgeons compares favorably with much higher pedicle perforation rates by experienced surgeons when no imaging was used. In conclusion, this in vitro model using a dual radiation targeting system assisted with the accurate placement of transpedicular vertebral screws with minimal radiation exposure.
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The current experiment reexamines this laboratory's frequently cited previous experimental conclusion that a mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of glucocorticoids in the treatment of spinal cord injury may be the enhanced preservation of spinal cord tissue potassium. For the first time, similar methodology also has been applied to study the effects of hypothermia. Canine spinal cords were injured at T13 by use of an epidural balloon and then were treated with local hypothermia or intramuscular dexamethasone or both. ⋯ At either 6 days or 7 weeks, spinal cords T8 through L4 were removed and divided into 10 ordered blocks, which were analyzed for wet and dry weight, potassium concentration, and sodium concentration. Correlations between clinical motor and chemical results were evaluated. The conclusions drawn are as follows: 1) The canine severe rapid compressive injury model, unlike the previously published less severe feline impact injury model, is not associated with widespread early loss of spinal cord tissue potassium content (dry weight). 2) The dog compressive model, unlike the cat impact model, does not provide evidence that one fundamental mechanism of the confirmed beneficial action of steroids entails enhanced early preservation of tissue potassium content. 3) At 6 days, decrease in the percentage of dry weight and increase in sodium concentration, representing edema, occurred at and adjacent to the direct compression site in all lesioned dog groups except those treated with dexamethasone, demonstrating an antiedema effect of dexamethasone that was nullified by concurrent local hypothermia. 4) This antiedema effect of dexamethasone was associated with superior early motor improvement but did not lead to superior long-term function, in comparison with hypothermia. 5) At 7 weeks, decrease in the percentage of dry weight and potassium concentration, and increase in sodium concentration, all restricted to the directly compressed segment, signify necrosis. 6) This new chemical index of necrosis was highly correlated with clinical motor performance.