Pain medicine : the official journal of the American Academy of Pain Medicine
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Comparative Study
Ankle joint mobilization decreases hypersensitivity by activation of peripheral opioid receptors in a mouse model of postoperative pain.
Investigate whether ankle joint mobilization (AJM) decreases hypersensitivity in the mouse plantar incision (PI) model of postoperative pain as well as to analyze the possible mechanisms involved in this effect. ⋯ Our results indicate that joint mobilization reduces postoperative pain by activation of the peripheral opioid pathway. However, antihypersensitivity induced by AJM is apparently not limited by the number of opioid-containing leukocytes but by opioid receptors availability in sensory neurons. A better understanding of the peripheral mechanisms of AJM could stimulate therapists to integrate joint mobilization with strategies also known to influence endogenous pain control, such as exercise, acupuncture, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation to potentiate endogenous analgesia.
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Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae affecting the skin and the nerves. Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS/Sudeck's dystrophy) is a painful and disabling condition--a triad of autonomic, sensory, and motor symptoms disproportionate to the inciting event (inflammatory, infective, or traumatic nerve damage). ⋯ Leprous neuropathy caused the nerve damage that lead to CRPS type 2. Very rarely leprosy can lead to CRPS. CRPS is a diagnosis of exclusion.