Pain medicine : the official journal of the American Academy of Pain Medicine
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Randomized Controlled Trial
How Classical Conditioning Shapes Placebo Analgesia: Hidden versus Open Conditioning.
To investigate the influence of expectancy of pain intensity, fear of pain (trait), and fear (state) on the effectiveness of hidden and open conditioning to produce placebo analgesia. ⋯ Fear seems to be a more important factor than expectancy in producing placebo analgesia induced by hidden conditioning.
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Observational Study
A Survey of Physicians' Knowledge and Adherence to the Diagnostic Criteria for Fibromyalgia.
In 2010, Wolfe et al. demonstrated poor physician use of the 1990 fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria and proposed the 2010 criteria to address physician shortcomings. No follow-up studies have investigated whether physicians are using these criteria. The purpose of this study was to provide seminal data on physician knowledge and use of the fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria. ⋯ Physicians do not have adequate and homogenous knowledge of the fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria. Approximately half of physicians did not adhere to the criteria. Poor knowledge and adherence to the criteria may increase diagnosis delays and misdiagnoses. Knowledge translation strategies should be implemented to address this problem.
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Observational Study
Prescription Opioid Access Patterns and Factors Associated with Increasing Number of Prescribers, Pharmacies, and Dispensings: An Observational Study Using Pharmaceutical Claims.
To examine associations between patient factors and increasing opioid access measured by three metrics: number of unique prescribers, pharmacies, and dispensings in 12 months. ⋯ Delineating legitimate from extramedical opioid use based on pharmaceutical claims is imprecise. We demonstrated that "high" levels of access, defined in previous research, may reflect routine care for complex patients. Pharmaceutical claims have utility in examining population norms of prescription drug use and access patterns, and flagging persons at the extreme end of access, for at least one measure, who may warrant further investigation.