The cancer journal
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Checkpoint-blocking antibodies have transformed cancer therapy, and the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma has led the revolution. Herein, we review the current clinical data supporting the use of checkpoint-blocking antibodies in the treatment of melanoma and highlight outstanding clinical questions and unmet clinical needs.
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Advanced prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death from cancer in the United States. In the era of cancer immunotherapy, it was the first malignancy to demonstrate improved survival with a cancer-specific vaccine, thus proving that prostate cancer is an immune-responsive disease. ⋯ The relative lack of response could be attributed to patient selection based on clinical attributes and the tumor microenvironment. Here, we review the current data on immune checkpoint therapies in prostate cancer and propose future directions.
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Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a lymphoid malignancy characterized by a reactive immune infiltrate surrounding relatively few malignant cells. In this scenario, active immune evasion seems to play a central role in allowing tumor progression. Immune checkpoint inhibitor pathways are normal mechanisms of T-cell regulation that suppress immune effector function following an antigenic challenge. ⋯ In this review, we discuss the rationale for targeting PD-1 and PD-L1 in the treatment of HL. We will evaluate the published clinical data on the different agents and highlight the safety profile of this class of agents. We discuss the available evidence on the use of biomarkers as predictors of response to checkpoint blockade and summarize the areas under active investigation in the use of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors for the treatment of HL.
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The expression of CD30 receptors is one of the defining characteristics of the malignant Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). CD30 is rarely expressed by normal cells and is rapidly internalized, making it an ideal therapeutic target for monoclonal antibodies and for antibody-drug conjugates. Brentuximab vedotin is the first antibody-drug conjugate to be approved by regulatory agencies for the treatment of patients with relapsed HL, with a single-agent response rate of 75%. In this review article, we discuss the current and ongoing development of brentuximab vedotin in patients with relapsed and newly diagnosed HL.
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Relapsed and refractory hematologic malignancies have a very poor prognosis. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells are emerging as a powerful therapy in this setting. Early clinical trials of genetically modified T cells for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia have shown high complete response rates in patients with few therapeutic options. ⋯ At the same time, the design and production of chimeric antigen receptor T cells are being advanced so that this therapy can be more widely utilized. Cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity are common, but they are treatable and fully reversible. This review will review available data as well as future developments and challenges in the field.