Pain physician
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Spinal cord stimulation is a technique in which different types of electrodes are placed in the spinal epidural space for neuromodulation. Surgical paddle electrodes (SEs) are usually implanted by a surgeon by performing open surgery with laminectomy. Recent advances in endoscopic spine surgery provide another option for minimally invasive SE implantation. ⋯ The results of this anatomical study show that the SEs can be satisfactorily implanted in cervical and thoracic segments using the unilateral biportal endoscopic technique.