Clinical medicine (London, England)
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Pain is a common symptom in many types of cancer. Interdisciplinary team management, including pain assessment, explanation to the patient/family, treating the reversible, non-pharmacological treatments and reassessment are essential. This article focuses on the pharmacological management of cancer pain, and overviews and updates on the recent advances in this field. ⋯ For opioid analgesics, side effects of opioids are discussed alongside practical guidance on opioid prescribing and converting between opioids. Newer drugs such as tapentadol are considered in this update. Amitriptyline, duloxetine, gabapentin and pregabalin, and the guidance for their use are reviewed in the coanalgesics (adjuvants) section.
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Proactive, shared decision making between key professionals and sensitive communication with patients, and those important to them, can never be overestimated. Projected annual deaths in England and Wales are set to rise, highlighting the increasing need for high quality palliative and end-of-life care. The Royal College of General Practitioners and Marie Curie have worked in partnership to develop the Daffodil Standards, an evidenced-based, structured approach for practices using quality improvement methodology to help improve care for patients at an advanced stage of serious illness or approaching end of life.
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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. Recent studies have assessed the possibility of using statins as treatment for AD. However, their efficacy is not clear. ⋯ Of the 304 articles identified, 13 complied with the inclusion criteria. The scientific quality of studies was high and their results indicated that there were no significant differences in the main efficacy variables between statins and placebo treatment for AD. Therefore, according to the available scientific evidence, statins have not shown an improvement in cognition and do not appear to offer significant benefits to patients with AD.
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Ambulatory emergency care (AEC) has been developed by clinicians as a means of providing emergency care without the traditional bed base of a hospital. Given that AEC is provided in a clinic-style setting, it can continue to operate during periods of high bed occupancy, alleviating bed pressures and continuing to provide timely care for selected patients. ⋯ Some of the key AEC developments have been related to technology, including high-sensitivity troponin, low-molecular-weight heparins and computer tomography (CT) pulmonary angiography. Risk stratification tools are useful for assessing the appropriateness of using AEC as a care model for patients.
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Compassionate communities as part of the public health approach to end-of-life care (EoLC) offers the possibility of solving the inequity of the difference in provision of care for those people with incurable cancer and those with non-cancer terminal illnesses. The naturally occurring supportive network surrounding the patient is the starting point for EoLC. ⋯ Healthcare professionals can build much stronger partnerships with these supportive networks and transform EoLC at home. Further possibilities of support can be developed through communities, with implementation of the Compassionate City Charter.