Articles: acetaminophen.
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J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. · Jun 1996
Comparative StudyComparative pharmacokinetics of paracetamol (acetaminophen) and its sulphate and glucuronide metabolites in desert camels and goats.
Paracetamol was administered at dosages of 5 mg/kg to camels and 10 mg/kg to goats by the intravenous and intramuscular routes. Parent paracetamol had a significantly slower clearance (21.9 +/- 1.4 mL/min.kg. vs. 52.8 +/- 7.3 mL/min.kg) (P < 0.01) in camels than in goats. ⋯ In goats the glucuronide metabolite was the predominant moiety in plasma, and the area under the curve (AUC) of the sulphate was only 3.89% of that of the glucuronide conjugate. The apparent AUC for paracetamol in the camel following intramuscular administration was larger than that following intravenous administration, however, when the bioavailability (F) was determined, with correction for altered half-life, within the animal and between study phases it was 71 +/- 17% in goats and 105 +/- 26% in camels.
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To determine those factors responsible for continuing prevalence of liver damage after paracetamol poisoning, 222 Chinese patients presenting to the Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong from 1988 to 1993 were studied. Of the 27 patients with plasma paracetamol concentrations above the recommended "treatment line", 13 developed liver damage. Time elapsed between ingestion and treatment with intravenous N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was the most important prognostic factor. ⋯ Liver damage in some of the remaining patients (30%) could have been prevented if NAC was started in the Emergency Department within 8-15 hours of ingestion. Liver damage after paracetamol poisoning remains common (5.9%) in Hong Kong because of the failure to give NAC appropriately or late presentation. We hope to improve patient management by repeatedly emphasising the importance of adherence to the standard protocols and having the toxic plasma level results phoned directly to the duty registrars.
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Over the last 5-10 years, there has been significant growth in the knowledge and strategies of pain management in children. Investigations are required to discern whether concomitant improvements in clinical practice have occurred. The purpose of this study was to identify the nurses' administration of a traditional analgesic (acetaminophen) with regard to appropriate doses and time intervals. ⋯ The prevalence of pain amongst the children was high both before and after analgesics, indicating that acetaminophen in the doses used did not provide any significant measure of pain relief. Current practice is still not optimal. Educating nurses on the effective use of traditional pain therapies may improve paediatric pain management.
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British dental journal · May 1996
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical TrialA double-blind placebo-controlled study to assess the efficacy of a compound analgesic to prevent postoperative pain following oral surgery.
It has been suggested that small doses of opioid drugs given prior to surgery can reduce postoperative pain. This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of a paracetamol/codeine combination and paracetamol alone in preventing the pain following surgical removal of impacted third molar teeth under general anaesthesia. Analysis of the results showed no statistical differences between treatment groups when compared with placebo. We suggest that the opioids may not be the best drugs available to prevent the moderate to severe pain present following some oral surgery procedures.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
Opioid and opioid-like drug effects on whole-gut transit measured by scintigraphy.
We studied the effects of several drugs on gastrointestinal transit (tramadol HCl, acetaminophen with codeine and placebo) in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. ⋯ Tramadol and APAP/C had no effect on gastric emptying or small bowel transit. At equianalgesic doses, tramadol caused less delay in colonic transit than APAP/C for 48 hr and delay in the GC agreed with the subjective complaints of constipation on both drugs.