Articles: health.
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Bull. World Health Organ. · Jan 1989
Breast-feeding among the urban poor in southern Brazil: reasons for termination in the first 6 months of life.
A study of breast-feeding practices over the first 6 months of life among a cohort of urban poor infants in southern Brazil indicated that the median duration of breast-feeding was 18 weeks, and at 6 months 41% of the infants were still being breast-fed. The duration of breast-feeding was significantly associated with the following: the infant's sex, mother's colour, type of first feed, timing of the first breast-feed, breast-feeding regimen and frequency of breast-feeding at 1 month, and the use of hormonal contraceptives by the mother. ⋯ Also, the mothers' perception that their milk output was inadequate was the most frequent reason expressed for stopping breast-feeding in the first 4 months. The roles of health services and family support in providing favourable conditions for increasing the duration of breast-feeding in the study population are discussed, as well as the possibility of bias being introduced into studies of the relationship between infant feeding and growth by the effect of the infant's rate of growth on the mother's decision to continue breast-feeding.
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Gigiena i sanitariia · Jan 1989
[Effect of transportation noise on the status of the cardiovascular system of the population].
The results of a multipronged study of noise effect on the state of the cardiovascular system of the urban population are presented. The study of regular noise effect on various population groups has been conducted under natural and laboratory conditions. A complex of appropriate investigation techniques has been used. The population of noise-exposed regions has higher rates and more distinct forms of disorders in myocardium, vessel elasticity, hemodynamics, extracardial regulation and higher risk of cardiovascular disease than those living under more quiet conditions.
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Social science & medicine · Jan 1989
ReviewWar-related changes in health and health services in Nicaragua.
The low-intensity war against Nicaragua from 1983 to 1987 has had a wide reaching impact on health, health services, and health economics in that country. Beyond the death of individuals and destruction of facilities, economic embargo and contra destruction have cost the health system about 200 billion cordobas between 1981 and 1987. This is approximately equal to the value of 2 years of the entire health budget. ⋯ Nonetheless, the indirect effects of the war have been detrimental to the system. Negative effect include the loss to the system of health professionals and rampant inflation. These forces contribute to the weakening of primary health programs and the reorientation of the national system into hospital based, curative medical services.