• Joshua D Lee, Edward V Nunes, Patricia Novo Mpa, Genie L Bailey, Gregory S Brigham, Allan J Cohen, Marc Fishman, Walter Ling, Robert Lindblad, Dikla Shmueli-Blumberg, Don Stablein, Jeanine May, Dagmar Salazar, David Liu, and John Rotrosen.
• New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States. Electronic address: joshua.lee@nyumc.org.
• Contemp Clin Trials. 2016 Sep 1; 50: 253-64.

IntroductionFor opioid-dependent patients in the US and elsewhere, detoxification and counseling-only aftercare are treatment mainstays. Long-term abstinence is rarely achieved; many patients relapse and overdose after detoxification. Methadone, buprenorphine-naloxone (BUP-NX) and extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) can prevent opioid relapse but are underutilized. This study is intended to develop an evidence-base to help patients and providers make informed choices and to foster wider adoption of relapse-prevention pharmacotherapies.MethodsThe National Institute on Drug Abuse's Clinical Trials Network (CTN) study CTN-0051, X:BOT, is a comparative effectiveness study of treatment for 24weeks with XR-NTX, an opioid antagonist, versus BUP-NX, a high affinity partial opioid agonist, for opioid dependent patients initiating treatment at 8 short-term residential (detoxification) units and continuing care as outpatients. Up to 600 participants are randomized (1:1) to XR-NTX or BUP-NX.ResultsThe primary outcome is time to opioid relapse (i.e., loss of persistent abstinence) across the 24-week treatment phase. Differences between arms in the distribution of time-to-relapse will be compared (construction of the asymptotic 95% CI for the hazard ratio of the difference between arms). Secondary outcomes include proportions retained in treatment, rates of opioid abstinence, adverse events, cigarette, alcohol, and other drug use, and HIV risk behaviors; opioid cravings, quality of life, cognitive function, genetic moderators, and cost effectiveness.ConclusionsXR-NTX and BUP-NX differ considerably in their characteristics and clinical management; no studies to date have compared XR-NTX with buprenorphine maintenance. Study design choices and compromises inherent to a comparative effectiveness trial of distinct treatment regimens are reviewed.Clinical Trial RegistrationNCT02032433.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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