• Ippei Kosedo, Akihiro Tokushige, Takuro Takumi, Akiko Yoshikawa, Kiyo Teraguchi, Kenichi Takenouchi, Kouzou Shiraishi, Daisuke Ikeda, Masakazu Imamura, Takeshi Sonoda, Daisuke Kanda, Yoshiyuki Ikeda, Akio Ido, and Mitsuru Ohishi.
• Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
• Eur. J. Intern. Med. 2020 Feb 1; 72: 79-87.

BackgroundProton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are known to increase the risk of mortality and cardiovascular events in the general population. However, in patients with maintenance hemodialysis, PPI effects are under investigated.MethodsWe analyzed the risk of PPIs for cardiovascular events using the Kagoshima Dialysis (KIDS) registry, a prospective, multicenter, observational study in patients with maintenance hemodialysis in Japan.ResultsIn all, 531 patients were enrolled from June 2015 to December 2018. One-year follow-up data were available for 376 patients (Use of PPIs at baseline (PPI group): 217 patients and without PPIs (No PPI group): 159 patients). The incidence of a composite outcome (all-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal stroke) was higher in patients in the PPI group than the No PPI group (15.2% vs. 4.4%; hazard ratio (HR): 3.65, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.61-8.23, P = 0.002). In the multivariate analysis, even after adjustment for covariates, the use of PPIs was an independent risk factor for a composite outcome (HR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.02-5.54, P = 0.045). We performed propensity score matching analysis as a sensitivity analysis, showing a consistent result. The incidence of bleeding showed no difference between the two groups (15.7% vs. 11.3%; HR: 1.46, 95% CI: 0.83-2.59, P = 0.19).ConclusionsThese results indicate that the use of PPIs in patients with maintenance hemodialysis might increase mortality and cardiovascular events without decreasing the risk of bleeding. Therefore, it should always be analyzed if a patient truly needs PPIs.Copyright © 2019 European Federation of Internal Medicine. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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