• Claire Friedemann Smith, Sarah Drew, Sue Ziebland, and Brian D Nicholson.
• Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford.
• Br J Gen Pract. 2020 Sep 1; 70 (698): e612e621e612-e621.

BackgroundGrowing evidence for the role of GPs' gut feelings in cancer diagnosis raises questions about their origin and role in clinical practice.AimTo explore the origins of GPs' gut feelings for cancer, their use, and their diagnostic utility.Design And SettingSystematic review and meta-analysis of international research on GPs' gut feelings in primary care.MethodSix databases were searched from inception to July 2019, and internet searches were conducted. A segregated method was used to analyse, then combine, quantitative and qualitative findings.ResultsTwelve articles and four online resources were included that described varied conceptualisations of gut feelings. Gut feelings were often initially associated with patients being unwell, rather than with a suspicion of cancer, and were commonly experienced in response to symptoms and non-verbal cues. The pooled odds of a cancer diagnosis were four times higher when gut feelings were recorded (OR 4.24, 95% confidence interval = 2.26 to 7.94); they became more predictive of cancer as clinical experience and familiarity with the patient increased. Despite being included in some clinical guidelines, GPs had varying experiences of acting on gut feelings as some specialists questioned their diagnostic value. Consequently, some GPs ignored or omitted gut feelings from referral letters, or chose investigations that did not require specialist approval.ConclusionGPs' gut feelings for cancer were conceptualised as a rapid summing up of multiple verbal and non-verbal patient cues in the context of the GPs' clinical knowledge and experience. Triggers of gut feelings not included in referral guidance deserve further investigation as predictors of cancer. Non-verbal cues that trigger gut feelings appear to be reliant on continuity of care and clinical experience; they tend to remain poorly recorded and are, therefore, inaccessible to researchers.©The Authors.

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