• Domingo Palacios-Ceña, Romana Albaladejo-Vicente, Valentin Hernández-Barrera, Lidiane Lima-Florencio, Cesar Fernández-de-Las-Peñas, Rodrigo Jimenez-Garcia, Ana López-de-Andrés, Javier de Miguel-Diez, and Napoleon Perez-Farinos.
• Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Research Group of Humanities and Qualitative Research in Health Science of Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (Hum&QRinHS), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
• Pain Med. 2021 Feb 23; 22 (2): 382-395.

ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence of chronic neck pain (CNP), chronic low back pain (CLBP), and migraine headache (MH) in the Spanish population and to identify sociodemographic and health-related variables associated with CNP, CLBP, and MH.DesignObservational study.SettingSpain.SubjectsA total of 22,511 persons 18 years of age or older (10,304 males and 12,207 females) who participated in the 2017 Spanish National Health Survey.MethodsStratified three-stage sampling was applied. CNP, CLBP, and MH were the dependent variables. The analysis was conducted separately by gender. Sociodemographic features, self-perceived health status, lifestyle habits, comorbidities, and pain features were analyzed by using logistic regression models.ResultsFemales reported a higher prevalence of CNP, CLBP, and MH (P < 0.001) than males. For both sexes, anxiety and/or depression and poor self-rated health were associated with a significantly increased prevalence of CNP, CLBP, and MH. For CNP and CLBP, the identified associated factors were older age and limitations to usual activity. For CNP and MH, the most common associated factor was comorbid respiratory disease.ConclusionsOur study identified several factors associated with CNP, CLBP, and MH in Spanish female and male adults, with potential implications for health care providers.© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Pain Medicine. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

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