• Ashok Agarwal, Saradha Baskaran, Neel Parekh, Chak-Lam Cho, Ralf Henkel, Sarah Vij, Mohamed Arafa, Manesh Kumar Panner Selvam, and Rupin Shah.
• American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. Electronic address: agarwaa@ccf.org.
• Lancet. 2021 Jan 23; 397 (10271): 319-333.

AbstractIt is estimated that infertility affects 8-12% of couples globally, with a male factor being a primary or contributing cause in approximately 50% of couples. Causes of male subfertility vary highly, but can be related to congenital, acquired, or idiopathic factors that impair spermatogenesis. Many health conditions can affect male fertility, which underscores the need for a thorough evaluation of patients to identify treatable or reversible lifestyle factors or medical conditions. Although semen analysis remains the cornerstone for evaluating male infertility, advanced diagnostic tests to investigate sperm quality and function have been developed to improve diagnosis and management. The use of assisted reproductive techniques has also substantially improved the ability of couples with infertility to have biological children. This Seminar aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the assessment and management of men with infertility, along with current controversies and future endeavours.Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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