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- Sahil Gupta, James N Tsoporis, Song-Hui Jia, Claudia C Dos Santos, Thomas G Parker, and John C Marshall.
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Shock. 2021 Aug 1; 56 (2): 167-177.
AbstractHost cells recognize molecules that signal danger using pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most studied class of PRRs and detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns. Cellular TLR activation and signal transduction can therefore contain, combat, and clear danger by enabling appropriate gene transcription. Here, we review the expression, regulation, and function of different TLRs, with an emphasis on TLR-4, and how TLR adaptor protein binding directs intracellular signaling resulting in activation or termination of an innate immune response. Finally, we highlight the recent progress of research on the involvement of S100 proteins as ligands for TLR-4 in inflammatory disease.Copyright © 2020 by the Shock Society.
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