• E A Stokes, S Wordsworth, D Bargo, K Pike, C A Rogers, R C M Brierley, G D Angelini, G J Murphy, B C Reeves, and TITRe2 Investigators.
• Nuffield Department of Population Health, Health Economics Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
• BMJ Open. 2016 Aug 1; 6 (8): e011311.

ObjectiveTo assess the incremental cost and cost-effectiveness of a restrictive versus a liberal red blood cell transfusion threshold after cardiac surgery.DesignA within-trial cost-effectiveness analysis with a 3-month time horizon, based on a multicentre superiority randomised controlled trial from the perspective of the National Health Service (NHS) and personal social services in the UK.Setting17 specialist cardiac surgery centres in UK NHS hospitals.Participants2003 patients aged >16 years undergoing non-emergency cardiac surgery with a postoperative haemoglobin of <9 g/dL.InterventionsRestrictive (transfuse if haemoglobin <7.5 g/dL) or liberal (transfuse if haemoglobin <9 g/dL) threshold during hospitalisation after surgery.Main Outcome MeasuresHealth-related quality of life measured using the EQ-5D-3L to calculate quality-adjusted life years (QALYs).ResultsThe total costs from surgery up to 3 months were £17 945 and £18 127 in the restrictive and liberal groups (mean difference is -£182, 95% CI -£1108 to £744). The cost difference was largely attributable to the difference in the cost of red blood cells. Mean QALYs to 3 months were 0.18 in both groups (restrictive minus liberal difference is 0.0004, 95% CI -0.0037 to 0.0045). The point estimate for the base-case cost-effectiveness analysis suggested that the restrictive group was slightly more effective and slightly less costly than the liberal group and, therefore, cost-effective. However, there is great uncertainty around these results partly due to the negligible differences in QALYs gained.ConclusionsWe conclude that there is no clear difference in the cost-effectiveness of restrictive and liberal thresholds for red blood cell transfusion after cardiac surgery.Trial Registration NumberISRCTN70923932; Results.Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/

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