• Circulation · Dec 2005

    Pharmacological preconditioning with tumor necrosis factor-alpha activates signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 at reperfusion without involving classic prosurvival kinases (Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase).

    • Sandrine Lecour, Naushaad Suleman, Graeme A Deuchar, Sarin Somers, Lydia Lacerda, Barbara Huisamen, and Lionel H Opie.
    • Department of Medicine, Hatter Institute for Cardiology Research, Cape Heart Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa. Sandrine@capeheart.uct.ac.za
    • Circulation. 2005 Dec 20; 112 (25): 3911-8.

    BackgroundWe previously reported that tumor necrosis-factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) can mimic classic ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Because TNF-alpha activates the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3), we hypothesized that TNF-alpha-induced preconditioning requires phosphorylation of STAT-3 rather than involving the classic prosurvival kinases, Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) 1/2, during early reperfusion.Methods And ResultsIsolated, ischemic/reperfused rat hearts were preconditioned by either IPC or low-dose TNF-alpha (0.5 ng/mL). Western blot analysis confirmed that IPC phosphorylated Akt and Erk 1/2 after 5 minutes of reperfusion (Akt increased by 34+/-6% and Erk, by 105+/-28% versus control; P<0.01). Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt inhibition (wortmannin) or mitogen-activated protein kinase-Erk 1/2 kinase inhibition (PD-98059) during early reperfusion abolished the infarct-sparing effect of IPC. In contrast, TNF-alpha preconditioning did not phosphorylate these kinases (Akt increased by 7+/-7% and Erk, by 17+/-14% versus control; P=NS). Neither wortmannin nor PD-98059 inhibited TNF-alpha-mediated cardioprotection. However, TNF-alpha and IPC both phosphorylated STAT-3 and the proapoptotic protein Bcl-2 antagonist of cell death (BAD) (STAT-3 increased by 58+/-17% with TNF-alpha or by 68+/-12% with IPC; BAD increased by 75+/-8% with TNF-alpha or by 205+/-20% with IPC; P<0.01 versus control), thereby activating the former and inactivating the latter. The STAT-3 inhibitor AG 490 abolished cardioprotection and BAD phosphorylation with both preconditioning stimuli.ConclusionsActivation of the classic prosurvival kinases (Akt and Erk 1/2) is not essential for TNF-alpha-induced preconditioning in the early reperfusion phase. We show the existence of an alternative protective pathway that involves STAT-3 activation specifically at reperfusion in response to both TNF-alpha and classic IPC. This novel prosurvival pathway may have potential therapeutic significance.

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