• Taylon Felipe Silva, Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier, Raquel Arruda Sanfelice, Manoela Daiele Gonçalves, Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti, Mariana Barbosa Detoni, Ana Carolina Jacob Rodrigues, Amanda Cristina Machado Carloto, Virgínia Márcia Concato, Elaine da Silva Siqueira, Idessania Nazareth Costa, Wander Rogério Pavanelli, Ivete Conchon-Costa, and Milena Menegazzo Miranda-Sapla.
• Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer-LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
• Front Immunol. 2020 Jan 1; 11: 562264.

AbstractCoronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been classified as a global threat, affecting millions of people and killing thousands. It is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which emerged at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China, quickly spreading worldwide. COVID-19 is a disease with symptoms that range from fever and breathing difficulty to acute respiratory distress and death, critically affecting older patients and people with previous comorbidities. SARS-CoV-2 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and mainly spreads through the respiratory tract, which it then uses to reach several organs. The immune system of infected patients has been demonstrated to suffer important alterations, such as lymphopenia, exhausted lymphocytes, excessive amounts of inflammatory monocytes and macrophages, especially in the lungs, and cytokine storms, which may contribute to its severity and difficulty of establishing an effective treatment. Even though no specific treatment is currently available, several studies have been investigating potential therapeutic strategies, including the use of previously approved drugs and immunotherapy. In this context, this review addresses the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the patient's host immune system during infection, in addition to discussing the main immunopathological mechanisms involved in the development of the disease and potential new therapeutic approaches.Copyright © 2020 Silva, Tomiotto-Pellissier, Sanfelice, Gonçalves, da Silva Bortoleti, Detoni, Rodrigues, Carloto, Concato, Siqueira, Costa, Pavanelli, Conchon-Costa and Miranda-Sapla.

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