• Shuang Gao, Jinyong Kim, Michael Yermakov, Yousef Elmashae, Xinjian He, Tiina Reponen, Ziqing Zhuang, Samy Rengasamy, and Sergey A Grinshpun.
• 1Center for Health-Related Aerosol Studies, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA;
• Ann Occup Hyg. 2016 Jul 1; 60 (6): 748-60.

ObjectivesThe first objective of this study was to evaluate the penetration of particles generated from combustion of plastic through National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-certified N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) using a manikin-based protocol and compare the data to the penetration of NaCl particles. The second objective was to investigate the effect of relative humidity (RH) on the filtration performance of N95 FFRs.MethodsTwo NIOSH-certified N95 FFRs (A and B) were fully sealed on a manikin headform and challenged with particles generated by combustion of plastic and NaCl particles. The tests were performed using two cyclic flows [with mean inspiratory flow (MIF) rates = 30 and 85 l min(-1), representing human breathing under low and moderate workload conditions] and two RH levels (≈20 and ≈80%, representing dry and moderately humid air). The total and size-specific particle concentrations inside (C in) and outside (C out) of the respirators were measured with a condensation particle counter and an aerosol size spectrometer. The penetration values (C in/C out) were calculated after each test.ResultsThe challenge aerosol, RH, MIF rate, and respirator type had significant (P < 0.05) effects on the performance of the manikin-sealed FFR. Its efficiency significantly decreased when the FFR was tested with plastic combustion particles compared to NaCl aerosols. For example, at RH ≈80% and MIF = 85 l min(-1), as much as 7.03 and 8.61% of combustion particles penetrated N95 respirators A and B, respectively. The plastic combustion particles and gaseous compounds generated by combustion likely degraded the electric charges on fibers, which increased the particle penetration. Increasing breathing flow rate or humidity increased the penetration (reduced the respirator efficiency) for all tested aerosols. The effect of particle size on the penetration varied depending on the challenge aerosol and respirator type. It was observed that the peak of the size distribution of combustion particles almost coincided with their most penetrating particle size, which was not the case for NaCl particles. This finding was utilized for the data interpretation.ConclusionsN95 FFRs have lower filter efficiency when challenged with contaminant particles generated by combustion, particularly when used under high humidity conditions compared to NaCl particles.© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Occupational Hygiene Society.

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