• Camillo Porta, Cezary Szczylik, Roman Casciano, Shuai Fu, Billy Amzal, Johanna Lister, Helene Karcher, Jie Meng, Monika Neumann, and Jerome Dinet.
• Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia and Division of Translational Oncology, IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, via S. Maugeri 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy. Electronic address: camillo.porta@unipv.it.
• Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2019 Jul 1; 139: 143-148.

BackgroundNivolumab and cabozantinib, two new treatment options for previously-treated advanced/metastatic renal cell carcinoma (aRCC), have recently been approved.MethodsTwo independent reviewers performed study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment. Indirect treatment comparisons were carried out by directly assessing HR differences and statistical modeling of Kaplan-Meier curves from these two trials.ResultsPublications identified showed that no head-to-head comparisons had been carried out. Two indirect treatment comparisons used agreed that there was no significant difference in OS between cabozantinib and nivolumab and that cabozantinib significantly improved PFS compared to nivolumab.ConclusionsThe field of aRCC treatments is evolving rapidly, creating opportunities for individualized treatments and challenges for clinicians to keep up with the evidence. In lieu of availability of direct comparisons of all options, advanced modeling results presented herein can help to inform and improve personalized treatments.Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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