• Deok Man Hong, Eun-Ho Lee, Hyun Joo Kim, Jeong Jin Min, Ji-Hyun Chin, Dae-Kee Choi, Jae-Hyon Bahk, Ji-Yeon Sim, In-Cheol Choi, and Yunseok Jeon.
• Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Daehakro 101 Seoul 110-744, South Korea.
• Eur. Heart J. 2014 Jan 1;35(3):176-83.

AimsThe aim of this study was to evaluate whether remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) combined with remote ischaemic postconditioning (RIPostC) improves the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.Methods And ResultsFrom June 2009 to November 2010, 1280 patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery were randomized into the RIPC with RIPostC group or the control group in the morning of the surgery. In the RIPC with RIPostC group, four cycles of 5-min ischaemia and 5-min reperfusion were administered twice to the upper limb-before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or coronary anastomoses for RIPC and after CPB or coronary anastomoses for RIPostC. The primary endpoint was the composite of major adverse outcomes, including death, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, stroke, coma, renal failure or dysfunction, respiratory failure, cardiogenic shock, gastrointestinal complication, and multiorgan failure. Remote ischaemic preconditioning with RIPostC did not reduce the composite outcome compared with the control group (38.0 vs. 38.1%, respectively; P = 0.998) and there was no difference in each major adverse outcome. The intensive care unit and hospital stays were not different between the two groups. However, in the off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery subgroup, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that RIPC with RIPostC was related to increased composite outcome (odds ratio: 1.54; 95% confidence interval: 1.02-2.30; P = 0.038).ConclusionRemote ischaemic preconditioning with RIPostC by transient upper limb ischaemia did not improve clinical outcome in patients who underwent cardiac surgery.

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