• Dave P Nichols, Carrie L Happoldt, Preston E Bratcher, Silvia M Caceres, James F Chmiel, Kenneth C Malcolm, Milene T Saavedra, Lisa Saiman, Jennifer L Taylor-Cousar, and Jerry A Nick.
• Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States. Electronic address: David.Nichols@seattlechildrens.org.
• J. Cyst. Fibros. 2017 May 1; 16 (3): 358-366.

BackgroundConcomitant use of oral azithromycin and inhaled tobramycin occurs in approximately half of US cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Recent data suggest that this combination may be antagonistic.MethodsTest the hypothesis that azithromycin reduces the clinical benefits of tobramycin by analyses of clinical trial data, in vitro modeling of P. aeruginosa antibiotic killing, and regulation of the MexXY efflux pump.ResultsOngoing administration of azithromycin associates with reduced ability of inhaled tobramycin, as compared with aztreonam, to improve lung function and quality of life in a completed clinical trial. In users of azithromycin FEV1 (L) increased 0.8% during a 4-week period of inhaled tobramycin and an additional 6.4% during a subsequent 4-week period of inhaled aztreonam (P<0.005). CFQ-R respiratory symptom score decreased 1.8 points during inhaled tobramycin and increased 8.3 points during subsequent inhaled aztreonam (P<0.001). A smaller number of trial participants not using azithromycin had similar improvement in lung function and quality of life scores during inhaled tobramycin and inhaled aztreonam. In vitro, azithromycin selectively reduced the bactericidal effects tobramycin in cultures of clinical strains of P. aeruginosa, while up regulating antibiotic resistance through MexXY efflux.ConclusionsAzithromycin appears capable of reducing the antimicrobial benefits of tobramycin by inducing adaptive bacterial stress responses in P. aeruginosa, suggesting that these medications together may not be optimal chronic therapy for at least some patients.Copyright © 2016 European Cystic Fibrosis Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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