• Matthew W Zackoff, Daniel Young, Rashmi D Sahay, Lin Fei, Francis J Real, Amy Guiot, Corinne Lehmann, and Melissa Klein.
• Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (MW Zackoff, L Fei, FJ Real, A Guiot, C Lehmann, M Klein), Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (MW Zackoff), Cincinnati, Ohio. Electronic address: matthew.zackoff@cchmc.org.
• Acad Pediatr. 2021 Apr 1; 21 (3): 575-579.

ObjectiveThe Association of American Medical Colleges defines recognition of the need for urgent or emergent escalation of care as a key Entrustable Professional Activity (EPA) for entering residency (EPA#10). This study pilots the use of an immersive virtual reality (VR) platform for defining objective observable behaviors as standards for evaluation of medical student recognition of impending respiratory failure.MethodsA cross-sectional observational study was conducted from July 2018 to December 2019, evaluating student performance during a VR scenario of an infant in impending respiratory failure using the OculusRift VR platform. Video recordings were rated by 2 pair of physician reviewers blinded to student identity. One pair provided a consensus global assessment of performance (not competent, borderline, or competent) while the other used a checklist of observable behaviors to rate performance. Binary discriminant analysis was used to identify the observable behaviors that predicted the global assessment rating.ResultsTwenty-six fourth year medical students participated. Student performance of 8 observable behaviors was found to be most predictive of a rating of competent, with a 91% probability. Correctly stating that the patient required an escalation of care had the largest contribution toward predicting a rating of competent, followed by commenting on the patient's increased heart rate, low oxygen saturation, increased respiratory rate, and stating that the patient was in respiratory distress.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that VR can be used to establish objective and observable performance standards for assessment of EPA attainment - a key step in moving towards competency based medical education.Copyright © 2020 Academic Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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