• Takamichi Kuwahara, Kazuo Hara, Nobumasa Mizuno, Shin Haba, Nozomi Okuno, Hiroki Koda, Akira Miyano, and Daiki Fumihara.
• Department of Gastroenterology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Aichi, Japan.
• Dig Endosc. 2021 Jan 1; 33 (2): 298-305.

AbstractEndoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is an essential diagnostic tool for various types of pancreatic diseases such as pancreatic tumors and chronic pancreatitis; however, EUS imaging has low specificity for the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a mathematical prediction technique that automates learning and recognizes patterns in data. This review describes the details and principles of AI and deep learning algorithms. The term AI does not have any definite definition; almost all AI systems fall under narrow AI, which can handle single or limited tasks. Deep learning is based on neural networks, which is a machine learning technique that is widely used in the medical field. Deep learning involves three phases: data collection and annotation, building the deep learning architecture, and training and ability validation. For medical image diagnosis, image classification, object detection, and semantic segmentation are performed. In EUS, AI is used for detecting anatomical features, differential pancreatic tumors, and cysts. For this, conventional machine learning architectures are used, and deep learning architecture has been used in only two reports. Although the diagnostic abilities in these reports were about 85-95%, these were exploratory research and very few reports have included substantial evidence. AI is increasingly being used for medical image diagnosis due to its high performance and will soon become an essential technique for medical diagnosis.© 2020 Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society.

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