• Catherine C McClure, Jessica R Cataldi, and Sean T O'Leary.
• Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado. Electronic address: Catherin.mcclure@childrenscolorado.org.
• Clin Ther. 2017 Aug 1; 39 (8): 1550-1562.

PurposeVaccines represent one of the most important aspects of pediatric preventive care. However, parents are increasingly questioning the safety of and need for vaccines, and as a result, vaccination rates have fallen to dangerously low levels in certain communities. The effects of vaccine hesitancy are widespread. Community pediatricians who interact regularly with vaccine-hesitant parents report higher levels of burnout and lower levels of job satisfaction. Not surprisingly, vaccine hesitancy has also had direct influence on vaccination rates, which in turn are linked to increased emergency department use, morbidity, and mortality.MethodsLiterature from 1999 to 2017 regarding vaccines and vaccine hesitancy was reviewed.FindingsFew evidence-based strategies exist to guide providers in their discussions with vaccines-hesitant parents. Recent research has shown a presumptive approach (ie, the provider uses language that presumes the caregiver will vaccinate his or her child) is associated with higher vaccination uptake. Motivational interviewing is a promising technique for more hesitant parents.ImplicationsAt the community level, evidence-based communication strategies to address vaccine hesitancy are needed. The practice of dismissing families from pediatric practices who refuse to vaccinate is common, although widely criticized. Other controversial and rapidly evolving topics include statewide vaccination mandates and school exemption policies. Electronic interventions, such as text-messaging services and social media, have recently emerged as effective methods of communication and may become more important in coming years.Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.

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