• Shuchi Anand, Maria E Montez-Rath, Jialin Han, Pablo Garcia, LinaCel Cadden, Patti Hunsader, Curt Morgan, Russell Kerschmann, Paul Beyer, Mary Dittrich, Geoffrey A Block, Glenn M Chertow, and Julie Parsonnet.
• Department of Medicine (Nephrology), Stanford University, Palo Alto, California (S.A., M.E.M., J.H., P.G.).
• Ann. Intern. Med. 2022 Mar 1; 175 (3): 371378371-378.

BackgroundWhether breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections after vaccination are related to the level of postvaccine circulating antibody is unclear.ObjectiveTo determine longitudinal antibody-based response and risk for breakthrough infection after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.DesignProspective study.SettingNationwide sample from dialysis facilities.Patients4791 patients receiving dialysis.MeasurementsRemainder plasma from a laboratory processing routine monthly tests was used to measure qualitative and semiquantitative antibodies to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2. To evaluate whether peak or prebreakthrough RBD values were associated with breakthrough infection, a nested case-control analysis matched each breakthrough case patient to 5 control patients by age, sex, and vaccination month and adjusted for diabetes status and region of residence.ResultsOf the 4791 patients followed with monthly RBD assays, 2563 were vaccinated as of 14 September 2021. Among the vaccinated patients, the estimated proportion with an undetectable RBD response increased from 6.6% (95% CI, 5.5% to 7.8%) 14 to 30 days after vaccination to 20.2% (CI, 17.0% to 23.3%) 5 to 6 months after vaccination. Estimated median index values decreased from 91.9 (CI, 78.6 to 105.2) 14 to 30 days after vaccination to 8.4 (CI, 7.6 to 9.3) 5 to 6 months after vaccination. Breakthrough infections occurred in 56 patients, with samples collected a median of 21 days before breakthrough infection. Compared with prebreakthrough index RBD values of 23 or higher (equivalent to ≥506 binding antibody units per milliliter), prebreakthrough RBD values less than 10 and values from 10 to less than 23 were associated with higher odds for breakthrough infection (rate ratios, 11.6 [CI, 3.4 to 39.5] and 6.0 [CI, 1.5 to 23.6], respectively).LimitationsSingle measure of vaccine response; ascertainment of COVID-19 diagnosis from electronic health records.ConclusionThe antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination wanes rapidly in persons receiving dialysis. In this population, the circulating antibody response is associated with risk for breakthrough infection.Primary Funding SourceAscend Clinical Laboratory.

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