• Farah Magrabi, Elske Ammenwerth, Jytte Brender McNair, Nicolet F De Keizer, Hannele Hyppönen, Pirkko Nykänen, Michael Rigby, Philip J Scott, Tuulikki Vehko, Zoie Shui-Yee Wong, and Andrew Georgiou.
• Macquarie University, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Sydney, Australia.
• Yearb Med Inform. 2019 Aug 1; 28 (1): 128-134.

ObjectivesThis paper draws attention to: i) key considerations for evaluating artificial intelligence (AI) enabled clinical decision support; and ii) challenges and practical implications of AI design, development, selection, use, and ongoing surveillance.MethodA narrative review of existing research and evaluation approaches along with expert perspectives drawn from the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) Working Group on Technology Assessment and Quality Development in Health Informatics and the European Federation for Medical Informatics (EFMI) Working Group for Assessment of Health Information Systems.ResultsThere is a rich history and tradition of evaluating AI in healthcare. While evaluators can learn from past efforts, and build on best practice evaluation frameworks and methodologies, questions remain about how to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of AI that dynamically harness vast amounts of genomic, biomarker, phenotype, electronic record, and care delivery data from across health systems. This paper first provides a historical perspective about the evaluation of AI in healthcare. It then examines key challenges of evaluating AI-enabled clinical decision support during design, development, selection, use, and ongoing surveillance. Practical aspects of evaluating AI in healthcare, including approaches to evaluation and indicators to monitor AI are also discussed.ConclusionCommitment to rigorous initial and ongoing evaluation will be critical to ensuring the safe and effective integration of AI in complex sociotechnical settings. Specific enhancements that are required for the new generation of AI-enabled clinical decision support will emerge through practical application.Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart.

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