• Katherine T Mills, Katherine M Obst, Wei Shen, Sandra Molina, Hui-Jie Zhang, Hua He, Lisa A Cooper, and Jiang He.
• From Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine and Tulane University Translational Science Institute, New Orleans, Louisiana; Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, Nanjing, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
• Ann. Intern. Med. 2018 Jan 16; 168 (2): 110-120.

BackgroundThe prevalence of hypertension is high and is increasing worldwide, whereas the proportion of controlled hypertension is low.PurposeTo assess the comparative effectiveness of 8 implementation strategies for blood pressure (BP) control in adults with hypertension.Data SourcesSystematic searches of MEDLINE and Embase from inception to September 2017 with no language restrictions, supplemented with manual reference searches.Study SelectionRandomized controlled trials lasting at least 6 months comparing the effect of implementation strategies versus usual care on BP reduction in adults with hypertension.Data ExtractionTwo investigators independently extracted data and assessed study quality.Data SynthesisA total of 121 comparisons from 100 articles with 55 920 hypertensive patients were included. Multilevel, multicomponent strategies were most effective for systolic BP reduction, including team-based care with medication titration by a nonphysician (-7.1 mm Hg [95% CI, -8.9 to -5.2 mm Hg]), team-based care with medication titration by a physician (-6.2 mm Hg [CI, -8.1 to -4.2 mm Hg]), and multilevel strategies without team-based care (-5.0 mm Hg [CI, -8.0 to -2.0 mm Hg]). Patient-level strategies resulted in systolic BP changes of -3.9 mm Hg (CI, -5.4 to -2.3 mm Hg) for health coaching and -2.7 mm Hg (CI, -3.6 to -1.7 mm Hg) for home BP monitoring. Similar trends were seen for diastolic BP reduction.LimitationSparse data from low- and middle-income countries; few trials of some implementation strategies, such as provider training; and possible publication bias.ConclusionMultilevel, multicomponent strategies, followed by patient-level strategies, are most effective for BP control in patients with hypertension and should be used to improve hypertension control.Primary Funding SourceNational Institutes of Health.

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