• Zara Kayani, Andrew Willis, Shukrat O Salisu-Olatunji, Shavez Jeffers, Kamlesh Khunti, and Ash Routen.
• Diabetes Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
• J R Soc Med. 2024 Apr 16: 14107682412331091410768241233109.

ObjectivesGlobally, there is a growing number of people who are living with multiple long-term conditions (MLTCs). Due to complex management needs, it is imperative that research consists of participants who may benefit most from interventions. It is well documented that ethnic minority groups and lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups are at an increased risk of developing MLTCs. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to determine the level of reporting and representation of underserved groups (ethnic minority and low SES) in intervention studies addressing MLTCs.DesignSystematic review. Four databases including Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Scopus were searched for intervention studies from North America or Europe published between January 1990 and July 2023.SettingHospital and community-based interventions. We included interventional studies focusing on improving MLTC-related outcomes.ParticipantsPatients with MLTCs.Main Outcome MeasuresTotal number of studies reporting on ethnicity and SES. Number and proportion of studies reporting by ethnic/SES group.ResultsThirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Only 4 of 13 studies (31%) recorded and reported ethnicity information. Of these four studies that reported on ethnicity, three studies consisted of primarily White participants. Ethnic minority groups were underrepresented, but one study included a majority of African American participants. Moreover, 12 of 13 studies (92%) reported on SES with income and educational level being the primary measures used. SES representation of higher deprivation groups was varied due to limited data.ConclusionsFor ethnicity, there was a lack of reporting, and ethnic minority groups were underrepresented in intervention studies. For SES, there was a high level of reporting but the proportion of study samples from across the spectrum of SES varied due to the variety of SES measures used. Findings highlight a need to improve the reporting and representation of ethnic minority groups and provide more detailed information for SES through using consistent measures (e.g. education, income and employment) to accurately determine the distribution of SES groups in intervention studies of people with MLTCs.

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