• Taylor N Anderson, Michelle Earley, Sarah J Rockwood, Elizabeth J Zudock, Samantha L Steeman, Jianna K Footman, Samuel Castro, Alexandra A Myers, Renceh A B Flojo, and Joseph D Forrester.
• Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, USA. tand@stanford.edu.
• Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2025 Jan 24; 51 (1): 7878.

PurposeTo evaluate frequency and timing of post-discharge complications in patients with traumatic rib fractures undergoing operative or nonoperative management.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed adult patients with rib fractures admitted to a Level 1 trauma center from 1/2020 to 12/2021. Outcomes included rib-related complications, pneumonia within 1 month, new diagnosis of opioid- or alcohol-use disorder, and all-cause mortality. Patients were stratified on whether they underwent surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRF). Associations between risk factors and outcomes were evaluated through Fine and Gray hazard models with death (or in-hospital death for the post-discharge death outcome) as a competing risk.ResultsOf 976 patients admitted with rib fractures, 904(93%) underwent non-operative therapy and 72(7%) underwent SSRF. Nonoperative patients had less-severe injuries and shorter ICU length-of-stay. Rib-related complications occurred in 13(1%) nonsurgical patients and 4(6%) surgical patients. In the nonsurgical group, presence of hemo/pneumothorax on admission was associated with increased risk of rib-related complications [subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) (95% CI): 5.95(1.8, 19.67)]. Pneumonia within 1 month occurred in 9(1%) nonsurgical patients and 1(1%) surgical patient. New diagnosis of alcohol or opioid-use disorder was made in 14(2%) nonsurgical patients and 1(1%) surgical patients. All-cause mortality was 68(8%) in the nonsurgical group and 2(3%) in the surgical group. Older age was associated with mortality in the nonsurgical cohort [SHR (95% CI): 1.83(1.46, 2.28)].ConclusionPost-discharge rib-related complications were rare in both groups, but occurred primarily within 2 weeks, suggesting concentrated earlier follow-up may be beneficial. These findings help inform recommendations for follow-up in this population.© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.

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